现在完成时:语法全解:现在完成时-字体教程免费ppt模版下载-道格办公

语法全解:现在完成时

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语法详解:现在完成时

一、现在完成时的构成

 (一)肯定句式

主语+助动词have/has+过去分词+其它.

说明:这里的have/has是助动词,本身没有意义。当主语为第三人称单数时用has,其余均用have。has, have的缩略形式分别为's或've。规则动词的过去分词构成方法与过去式一致,不规则动词详见不规则动词表。例子:

1) I've just copied all the new words.我刚抄写了所有的新词。(表明不需要再抄写了)

2) She has lost her books.她把书丢了。(到目前为止还没有找到)

(用过去时:She lost her books. 表达的是过去丢书的动作,是否找到未确定。)

3) We've just cleaned the classroom. 我们刚打扫了教室。(表示教室现在是干净的)

(二)否定句式

主语+助动词have/has+not+过去分词+其它.

说明:现在完成时的否定句中,在助动词have/has后增加not即可。have not和has not的缩略形式分别为haven't和hasn't。肯定句中的some, already需要在否定句中改为any, yet。例子:

1)I haven't finished my homework yet.我还没有完成我的作业。

2)She hasn't travelled on a train. 她没有坐过火车旅行。

3)We have never spoken to a foreigner.我们从未和外国人说过话。

注:有时not可以被never替代,表示"从未"的意思。例如:

4) I have never seen him before. 我以前从未见过他。

(三)一般疑问句式

助动词Have/Has +主语+过去分词+其它 ?

说明:将陈述句中的have或has放到句首,句末加问号,同时将句中的some, already改为any, yet即可构成一般疑问句。肯定回答用Yes, 主语+have/has.;否定回答用No, 主语+haven't/hasn't. 有时也可用No, not yet./No, never/No, not even once等方式答复。例子:

1)—Have you ever made dumplings? 你曾做过饺子吗?

—Yes, I have. 是的,我做过。

2)—Has she ever been abroad? 她曾经出过国吗?

—No, never. 不,从未。

3)—Have they found the lost books yet? 他们找到丢失的书了吗?

—Yes, they have. 是的,他们找到了。

注意:当句中有否定词如not, hardly(几乎不), never时,在改为反意疑问句时,附加部分用肯定形式。例如:You have never come to our school, have you? 你以前从未来过我们学校,对吗?

二、过去分词

1. 规则动词:规则动词的过去分词构成规则与规则动词的过去式构成相同。四种变化规则:

(1). 一般动词,直接在词尾加"ed"。

work—worked—worked ,visit—visited—visited

(2). 以"e"结尾的动词,只在词尾加"d"。

live—lived—lived

(3)、以"辅音字母+y"结尾的动词,将y变为i,再加"ed"。

study—studied—studied ,cry—cried—cried

(4)、重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母时,先双写该辅音字母,再加"ed"。

stop—stopped—stopped , drop—dropped—dropped

2. 不规则动词:

cost—cost—cost

shut—shut—shut

spread—spread—spread

read—read—read (read的原形发音为/ri:d/, 过去式和过去分词发音为/red/)

come—came—come

burn—burnt—burnt

catch—caught—caught

dig—dug—dug

feel—felt—felt

fight—fought—fought

make—made—made

break—broke—broken

choose—chose—chosen

write—wrote—written

三、现在完成时的使用

现在完成时用法(一)

表示过去发生或已经完成的某个动作对现在的影响或结果。此时,常与时间副词already(已经), yet(还、已经), just(刚刚、仅仅), ever(曾经), never(从不), before(以前)等连用。这几个副词的用法如下:

1.already表示"已经",通常用于肯定句中,放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可以置于句末。例子:

I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。

("读"这一动作发生在过去,对现在的影响是"了解书的内容"。)

I've washed my clothes already. 我已经洗了衣服。

(洗衣的动作已完成,其结果是"衣服已干净"。)

注意:在表达惊讶或明知故问等感情时,already也可用于(口语)疑问句中。例如:

Have you met him already? 你(真的)已经见过他了?

2.yet在疑问句中表示"已经",在否定句中表示"还",常放在句末。例子:

1)—Has he found his watch yet? 他已经找到他的手表了吗?

—No, not yet. 不,还没有。

2)The woman hasn't found her dog yet. 那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。(没找到狗,导致心里着急,这就是对现在的影响)

3.just表示"刚刚",表示行动刚刚结束,常放在助动词与过uretoption by federalr词之间。例子:

He has just come back from school. 他刚刚从学校回来。

4.ever表示"曾经",用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间。例子:

1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong? 你曾经去过香港吗?

2)I haven't ever spoken to her.我从没跟她说过话。

5.never表示“未曾”,常与before连用(before置于句尾,而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间)。例:

I have never travelled by plane before. 我以前从来没有乘过飞机。

6.before表示"以前",指过去不确切的某个时间,总是放在句末,不受句式限制。例子:

1)Have you been to Hainan before? 你以前去过海南吗?

2)I haven't eaten Guangdong food before. 我以前没吃过广东菜。

现在完成时(二)

1. 表示过去发生的动作或状态持续到现在,并且可能继续下去。 谓语动词要求是延续性动词,可与表示一段时间的时间状语一起使用。

2. 时间状语

(1)since 结构:

①since+时间点

②since+时间段+ago

③since+从句(一般过去时)

(2)for + 一段时间

(3)recently,lately,these days,in the past/last three years(在过去三年里)

by the end of...(截至……);so far(到目前为止)= up to now

3. 其中for与since引导的时间状语可互相转换。例:

Eg. I have lived here for ten years.

=I have lived here since ten years ago.

They have lived here since 1989./since they came to Beijing.

In the past ten years, China has progressed so much.

By the end of this term, we have learned about 10,000 French words.

4. 常用 How long...? 来提问现在完成时的持续时间。例子:

---How long have you learned English?

---I have learned English for six years./since six years ago./since I was ten years old.

延续性动词与非延续性动词

1. 在现在完成时中句子动词的特点:这种用法中表示动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词(否定句除外)。

(1)这本书我已买了三年。

I've bought the book for three years.(×)

I've had the book for three years.(√)

(2)你哥哥参军多久了?

How long has your brother joined the army?(×)

How long has your brother been in the army/been a soldier?(√)

2. 延续性动词与非延续性动词

(1)含义:延续性动词表示能持续的动作,强调过程和经历。可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。非延续性动词(即短暂性动词、瞬间动词、终止性动词)表示不能持续的动作,一瞬间完成,或表示一次性动作,强调行为的结果,不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。例子:

Eg. I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

He has finished the work. 他已经完成了那项工作。(表结果)

(2)用法:

①常见的延续性动词:learn,work,stand,know,walk,keep,wait,watch,read,sleep,live,stay等。

②常见的非延续性动词:come,go,leave,begin,start,arrive,reach,see,die,join,get up,borrow,lend,buy,finish,end,become等。

③非延续动词的否定式已经成为延续性状态,故可以与for, since等时间状语连用。例子:

Eg. I haven't seen him for a long time. 我已经很久未见过他了。

I haven't borrowed books for two months. 我已经两个月没借书了。

判断正误,如有错误请改正。

①He has come back.(√)

②He has come back for three years.(×)

--He has been back for three years.

③I have borrowed the book.(√)

④I have borrowed the book since last week.(×)

--I have kept the book since last week.

⑤I have got up for an hour.(×)

--I have been up for an hour.

⑥He has died for 5 years.(×)

--He has been dead for 5 years.

(3)非延续性动词 转换为 延续性动词

a) 使用相应的延续性动词

borrow — keep ; buy — have

put on — wear ; become--be

get to sleep — sleep ; get to know — know

catch/get a cold — have a cold ;

b) 转换成"be+名词"的形式

join the Party(党)--be a Party member ;

join the army --be a soldier/be in the army

go to school--be a student

c) 转换成"be+形容词/副词"的形式

die--be dead ; finish--be over ;

begin/start--be on ; leave--be away;

fall asleep--be asleep ; wake up--be awake

get up--be up ; get out--be out;

get married--be married

close--be closed(形容词);

open--be open(形容词) ;

make friends--be friends

d) 转换为"be+介词短语"的形式

join--be in.../be a member of ;

come/go--be + 相应的介词短语

go to school--be in school

【针对练习】

他已回来三天了。 He has been back for three days.

他离家已有两个月。 He has been away from home for two months.

他的父亲已死去三年。 His father has been dead for three years.

她已睡了一小时。 She has slept for one hour.

这场电影已开始两小时。 The movie has been on for two hours.

e) 将时间状语改为过去的时间,用一般过去时替代现在完成时。

她已离开一周。 She left one week ago.

f) 用句型 ①It is+一段时间+since 从句

②一段时间+has passed +since 从句

例:这个老人已去世两年。

The old man died two years ago.(一般过去时)

The old man has been dead for two years.(现在完成时)

It is two years

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