"World War I" The World and China in the Early 20th Century PPT Courseware

"World War I" The World and China in the Early 20th Century PPT Courseware

Part One: Reading and Thinking

An American historian said of the situation in Europe before World War I: Europe had become a 'powder keg', just waiting for a spark to detonate it.

What region of Europe does the “powder keg” refer to?

balkan peninsula

Why did the Balkans become a powder keg of war?

The Balkan Peninsula is located in southeastern Europe, at the intersection of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It controls the gateway to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Its strategic position is very important and it is the focus of competition among European powers.

1. Important geographical location: The Balkan Peninsula is located in southeastern Europe, at the intersection of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It controls the gateway to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. It is rich in natural resources and has a very important strategic position. It is the focus of competition among European powers.

2. Ethnic relations and religious beliefs are complex: Arabs, Romans, and Turks have all conquered the area in history, resulting in a multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-racial phenomenon that is full of contradictions.

3. Competition among great powers: After the 19th century, the intervention of great powers, the competition between two major military groups, the continuous intensification of ethnic conflicts, and the continuous small-scale wars made the Balkan Peninsula a powder keg in Europe.

World War I PPT, Part 2: Factors that prompted the outbreak of "World War I":

A. Competition between the two major military groups

The mutual hostility and competition between the two major military groups in Europe have frequently triggered international crises.

B. The prevalence of militarism (seizing colonies)

European powers believe that war is the last solution to problems, and militaristic arguments are prevalent in some countries.

C. Extreme nationalism

European powers incited extreme nationalist sentiments and instilled so-called "patriotism" into the people. The previous competition between the great powers and the incitement of extreme nationalist sentiments plunged Europe into the frenzy of war.

The fundamental reasons for the outbreak of "World War I":

The political and economic development among imperialists is uneven.

The direct cause of the outbreak of World War I: Sarajevo incident

World War I PPT, Part Three: The Process of World War I

One main battlefield: the European battlefield

Two major military alliances: the Central Powers and the Entente Powers

Three fronts: Eastern Front, Western Front, Southern Front

Three major battles: Battle of the Marne; Battle of the Somme; Battle of Verdun

Four years: 1914--1918

After the First World War

(1) The war broke out:

July 28, 1914

Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

(2) Warring parties: Allied Powers Group: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, Ottoman Türkiye

Allied Powers Group: Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, Japan, the United States, and China

Three fronts in Europe:

Western Front: Belgium, northern France and the German-French border, fought by Britain and France against Germany.

Eastern Front: From the southern coast of the Baltic Sea to Romania, Russia fought against Germany and Austria-Hungary

Southern Front: Balkans, fought by Serbian and Austro-Hungarian armies

World War I PPT, Part 4: Ending of the Great War:

The Allies won: the United States and Japan became the biggest winners, Britain, France and Italy were weakened, and the Russian October Revolution occurred.

The Central Powers were defeated: the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed and split into Austria and Hungary; the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire collapsed. The defeated countries faced the fate of being slaughtered.

Factors that hastened the end of the war:

1. In 1917, both warring parties were exhausted and unable to continue the war.

2. The tragedy of the war shattered people’s enthusiasm for participating in the war, and anti-war waves emerged in various countries;

3. The strength of the Allied Powers has increased: the United States, China, Brazil and other countries have declared war on Germany;

4. The Allies collapsed: In 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed and an uprising broke out in Germany.

Thinking: What is the nature of "World War I"?

The nature of World War I: it was a war of plunder and aggression by the great powers. It is an unjust imperialist war of plunder.

The impact of "World War I":

1. Cause huge material and mental damage to human beings.

2. Seriously weakened the power of imperialism and colonialism.

3. It created favorable conditions for the victory of the October Socialist Revolution in Russia and promoted a new upsurge in the proletarian revolutionary movement in post-war capitalist countries and the national liberation movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

4. Objectively promote the development of science and technology

Impact: The scale of the war was unprecedented, causing serious casualties and economic losses, and bringing serious disasters to people of all countries.

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