"Western Europe Emerges from the Medieval Era" PPT courseware on social changes in major European and American countries

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"Western Europe Emerges from the Medieval Era" PPT courseware on social changes in major European and American countries

Prehistoric period (primitive society),

Ancient times (slave society),

Medieval times (feudal society),

Modern times (capitalist society)

Capitalism mode of production - hiring and being hired

bourgeoisie capitalist

The dark Middle Ages shrouded in the shadow of theology

Christianity's view of man is that Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, proving that the flesh is the kingdom of sin. God expelled the first ancestors of mankind from the Garden of Eden and punished them to toil all their lives in a land full of thorns and thorns. There is no happiness in the world. Only by suppressing one's lust and joy, repenting of mistakes, and going through the painful journey of life can one get close to God and gain eternal happiness. In short, people themselves are despicable and should live passively and put everything in the afterlife.

1. Renaissance

1. Time: 14th-16th centuries

2. Nature: The anti-feudal ideological and cultural movement launched by the emerging bourgeoisie in Western European countries

3. (Core) Content: Humanism

4. The earliest country to start: Italy

5. Representative figures:

Pioneer: Dante (Italy) "Divine Comedy"

Later period: Leonardo da Vinci (Italy) "The Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa"

6. Significance (influence): It broke through... liberated... and created the necessary ideological and cultural conditions for the development of capitalism.

humanism

"Humanistic spirit" in the narrow sense refers to a humanistic trend of thought during the European Renaissance. Its core is to affirm people, pay attention to human nature, and demand the liberation of people and humanity from the constraints of religion.

Ideologically: deny the absolute authority of God, affirm the value and preciousness of human beings, and praise human power; oppose theological asceticism and the view of the afterlife, affirm people's right to pursue wealth, happiness, and enjoyment; oppose religious constraints and feudal hierarchical concepts, and demand Freedom, equality and individual liberation.

In terms of way of thinking: oppose obscurantism and mysticism, respect human experience and rationality, advocate the development of cultural education, pursue knowledge, explore nature, study science, and benefit life.

What is the old route?

① Depart from China or India, go to Central Asia along the Caspian Sea and Black Sea, and then transfer to Asia Minor to Europe.

② Starting from India, by sea to the Persian Gulf, through the two river basins to the Mediterranean Sea and then to Europe.

③Start from China, enter the Red Sea by sea, and then cross the Suez zone by land to Egypt and then transfer to Europe.

What is the new route?

At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, through a series of sailing expeditions, Western European countries opened up sea routes to India, America and other parts of the world. These sea routes are often called new sea routes. Under the influence of Eurocentrism, Western European historians generally refer to this process as the "Geographical Discovery."

1. Reasons and conditions for the opening of new routes (key points)

1. Reason

Economic roots: the development of Western European commodity economy and the emergence of capitalism

Social Roots: Europeans’ “Gold Fever”

Commercial Crisis: Ottoman Türkiye Occupies Traditional Trade Routes

2. The opening of new shipping routes (beginning at the end of the 15th century)

1. Reason (background):

(1) Gold - the most direct motivation

(2) The Ottoman Turkish Empire blocked the traditional trade routes (land routes) between the East and the West.

(3) Western Europeans are eager to find a sea route to the East (sea route)

2. The earliest countries: Portugal and Spain

3. Outstanding navigator:

Columbus discovers the New World of America

Vasco da Gama's route (around Africa) to the East (India)

Magellan circumnavigation

religious reform

What is the Reformation?

The social movement against the Catholic Church that broke out in Germany in the 16th century and quickly swept across Western European countries was also an anti-feudal political movement led by the early bourgeoisie under the cloak of the Reformation.

Why did the Reformation happen?

Renaissance influence

The Catholic Church's oppression of Europe, especially Germany

2. Direct dialogue with God—Religious Reformation

Martin Luther (1483-1546) was the promoter of the German Religious Reform and the founder of the Lutheran Church (also known as the Lutheran Church).

His strongest argument was that "the ultimate authority in Christianity is the Bible, not the Pope." He was the first person to translate the Bible into German. Coupled with the help of letterpress printing, various places began to translate the Bible into local languages, making the Bible popular among the people.

3. Religious Reformation

1. Background (reason): (In 1054, Christianity split into two major sects: Catholicism and Orthodoxy)

The Catholic Church, headed by the Pope... peddling indulgences... widespread dissatisfaction

2. Prologue: (Germany) Martin Luther wrote an article condemning the pope’s evil practice of selling indulgences.

3. Process: the emergence of Protestantism - Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, etc.

4. Essence: It is an anti-feudal social and political struggle carried out by the early bourgeoisie.

5. Significance (influence): Breaking through... and creating conditions for the development of capitalism in Western Europe

From the 14th to the 15th centuries, the germ of European capitalism first emerged in

A. Italy b. United Kingdom C, France D. Netherlands

2. The early emerging bourgeoisie mainly came from

①Manufacturer ②Intellectual ③Businessman ④Financier

A.①②③ B.①③④ C.②③① D.①②④

3.14--The European financial center in the 15th century was

A. London b. Paris c. Florence d. Venice

4. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the main reason for promoting the further development of the metallurgical and mining industries in Europe was

A. Development of industry and commerce B. Advances in Firearms

C. Progress in agriculture D. Improvements in metallurgical technology

5. The fundamental reason why the Renaissance movement originated in Italy is

A. The sprouts of capitalism first appeared

B. Preserved rich cultural heritage of the Yizhan Dynasty

C. Gathered many scholars and talents

D. The prevalence of humanistic ideas

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For more information about the PPT courseware "Great Social Changes in Major European and American Countries, Western Europe Comes Out of the Medieval Era", please click on the Great Social Changes in Major European and American Countries, Western Europe Comes Out of the Medieval Era ppt tag.

"Western Europe Emerges from the Medieval Era" Great Social Changes in Major European and American Countries PPT Courseware 2:

"Western Europe Emerges from the Medieval Era" PPT Courseware 2 on the Great Social Changes in Major European and American Countries [Learning Objectives] 1. Master the start and end time of the Renaissance movement, its main representatives, their masterpieces and the impact of the Renaissance. 2 Grasp the reasons for the opening of new sea routes and outstanding navigators..

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Update Time: 2024-09-11

This template belongs to History courseware East China Normal University Edition Ninth Grade History Volume 1 industry PPT template

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