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"Understanding and inferring the meaning and usage of words in context" core literacy exploration PPT
The first part of the content: sorting out the text test points
Sorting angle: understanding the meaning of words
From the perspective of word expression, it can be divided into two types: single-sense words and polysemous words. Words that express only one meaning are called univocal words, such as "Mi" only refers to tranquility; words that express multiple meanings are polysemous, such as "Tao" which means road, truth, thought, guidance, etc. No matter how many meanings a polysemous word has, it always has one basic meaning, which is called the "original meaning". The other meanings are derived from the "original meaning" and are called "extended meanings".
Text example: "Division" in "Shi Shuo" is a polysemous word, and its original meaning is: the establishment unit of the ancient army (two thousand five hundred people are one division). Later, extended meanings such as army, people, teachers, and learning were derived from this. In different contexts, it has different meanings. For example, it means "teacher" in "Ancient scholars must have teachers", and it means "learning" in "My teacher's way".
Sorting angle: infer the meaning and usage of words
1. Substitution method. Monosyllabic words account for the majority in ancient Chinese, and the phenomenon of polysemy is very common. To determine the meaning of a polysemy word in a specific language environment, you can substitute each meaning of the polysemy word into the word, and then infer which meaning is based on the context of the sentence. The meaning fits this sentence.
Text example: "Ji" in "Encouraging Learning" means "learning can't stop". It has many meanings, such as stopping, indicating the past, and the future. When we insert these meanings into "Ji" one by one, we will find that only "Ji" means "Ji". The meaning of "stop" is suitable for this sentence, so the "already" in "Learning can't stop" is interpreted as "stop".
2. Infer the meaning of the word based on its composition. There are certain rules in Chinese word formation. The two words that form a compound word have the same, similar or opposite relationships, such as slander, ax, love and hate, etc. We can make reasonable inferences based on these rules.
Text example: The meaning of "Xun" in "I heard about this person in the village, and I came to inquire" in Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Spring". We know that "Inquiry" is a synonymous compound word, and we can infer "Xun" based on "Ask". ” means “to ask” or “to ask”.
3. Use rhetoric such as intertextuality, parallelism, parallelism, etc. to infer the meaning of words. Some sentences have a neat structure, so words in the same position should be used consistently and have similar or opposite meanings.
Text example: "The ancient saints were far away from others, so they still asked if they were teachers; today's people are also far away from the saints, but they are ashamed to learn from their teachers." The structure is similar. For duality, the upper and lower sentences have opposite meanings. If you want to know the meaning of "下", you can infer from the "out" (beyond) in the upper sentence that the meaning of "下" is "below".
4. Grammar solution. The so-called grammatical solution is to use the grammatical common sense of modern Chinese to make inferences by dividing the sentence components or judging their parts of speech.
Text example: The usage of the word "er" in "I have been thinking about it all day long" in "Encouraging Learning". Analyzing the sentence components of this sentence, the conjunction "er" connects the modifiers "taste" and "all day" and the central word "si", so "er" is a conjunction that expresses modification in this sentence.
Understand and infer the meaning and usage of words in context PPT, part 2: Research on college entrance examination literacy
【Study on Examples】
(2018·Beijing Volume) Read the following two classical Chinese passages and answer the questions that follow. (6 points)
(1) Accumulation is small, the moon is not as strong as the sun, the time is not as strong as the moon, and the year is not as strong as the hour. Ordinary people like to be arrogant about small things, and they will take care of things after big things happen. If so, they will often be inferior to those who are inferior to small things. What is this? Then when small things come to an end, they are numerous, and their hanging days are also broad, and their accumulation is also large; when big things come, they are rare, and their hanging days are also shallow, and their accumulation is also small. Therefore, the one who is good at the sun is king, the one who is good at the time is domineering, the one who repairs the leakage is in danger, and the one who is in great desolation is destroyed. Therefore, the king respects the sun, and the hegemon respects the hour. The only remaining country is in danger and then becomes worried about it. The country is subjugated until it is dead, and then it is known that it is dead. When it is dead, it is known that it is dead. The disaster of a subjugated country cannot be overcome and regretted. The good deeds of a hegemon can be recorded from time to time, and the achievements of a king can be recorded in an invincible journal. Big money and treasures are more important than political and religious fame. Those who can accumulate small things will achieve quick results. "Poetry" says: "Virtue is like hair, and the people cannot lift it." This is what it means. (Taken from "Xunzi")
(2) If the survival and destruction of chaos is like a high mountain and deep water, or like a white chalk and black paint, then there is no use of wisdom, even if it is foolish, it is still possible. And the same cannot be said for the survival of chaos. If it can be known, it cannot be known; if it can be seen, it cannot be seen. Therefore, the wise men and sages are trying to get it with all their heart and worries, but there is still the matter of Uncle Guan and Uncle Cai and the plan of the eight countries of Dongyi not to listen. Therefore, to control chaos and survive, the beginning is like a drop of hair. If you look at the small details, you will find that the big things are not enough.
Understand and infer the meaning and usage of words in context PPT, Part 3: [Reading Demonstration]
1. Language construction and application - method of understanding the meaning of words: change monosyllabic words into bisyllabic sentences. The meaning of "行" in "take the gold without damaging the line", we can form it into "walking" "Operation", "character", "behavior" and other two-syllable words.
2. Thinking development and improvement - infer the meaning and usage of words
(1) Substitution method. In the sentence "take the gold, it will not harm the conduct", substitute these two-syllable words about "conduct" into the sentence respectively. Obviously, it does not work to substitute "behavior" into the sentence, but "character" can, so the answer can be obtained.
(2) Grammatical inference. The usage of "zhi" in the sentence "this is what it means", "this" in the sentence "this is what it means" is a pronoun, representing this truth; "shui" is "shuo", and the sentence can be translated as "this is what is said" ". It can be seen that the normal word order of this sentence is "predicate this", "this" is the object of "predicate", "this is the predicate" is the preposition of the object, and "zhi" can be inferred to be a sign of the advance of the object in the particle , has no real meaning.
Understand and infer the meaning and usage of words in context PPT, Part 4 content: [Real exam practice]
1. Regarding the interpretation of punctuated words in the following couplets, the incorrect one is (3 points) ()
A.The time is better than the moon: the season
B. The only remaining country is in danger and Qi is behind Qi: Sad for...
C. Wise men and sages seek each other with all their heart and worries.
D. If you take the gold, there will be no loss in Xing Xing: behavior
2. The meaning and usage of punctuated words in each of the following sentences are different. (3 points) ()
A. Therefore, the king who loves the sun is the king. The king respects the sun.
B. The calamity of country subjugation is the invincible regret and the invincible diary.
C. This is what it means, like chalk and black paint
D. Observe its hair and worship it like an ox
[Analysis] Choose C. In item A, "日" means "every day". In item B, "win" both means "complete and complete". Item C: ① The sign of advance of the object has no real meaning; ② The syllable particle is not translated. Item D, "qi", are all pronouns.
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