"Two Opium Wars" Internal and external troubles and national salvation in the late Qing Dynasty PPT

"Two Opium Wars" Internal and external troubles and national salvation in the late Qing Dynasty PPT

Part One: The World and China in the Mid-19th Century—Comparison of Power before the War

The World and China in the Mid-19th Century

economic aspect

The industrial revolution was completed one after another, and the commodity economy developed

Backward natural economy, fiscal expenditure cannot make ends meet

Military aspect

Strong ship and powerful gun

Outdated equipment and depleted armaments

Diplomacy

colonial expansion

Seclusion, ignorance

Two Opium Wars PPT, Part 2: Two Opium Wars—The Process of the Opium Wars

The dangers of opium

1. To poison the body and mind

Smoking opium causes varying degrees of damage to the body and leaves people unconscious all day long.

2. Silver outflow

From 1821 to 1840, the outflow of silver from China was at least 100 million yuan, with an average annual outflow of 5 million taels of silver, equivalent to 1/10 of the Qing government's annual total revenue.

3. Corrosion of state machinery

Destroying social stability and accelerating the corruption of officialdom.

Humen destroys cigarettes

Opium is a poison that spreads throughout the world, causing great harm, and the law should be strict. If we still take this seriously, it will mean that in a few decades, there will be almost no soldiers in the Central Plains who can defend the enemy, and there will be no silver to pay for them."

He was appointed as the imperial envoy to go to Guangdong to ban opium.

In March 1839, Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou to ban opium. From April to May, more than 20,000 boxes of opium were confiscated from British, Indian and American businessmen. From June 3 to 25, under the personal supervision of Lin Zexu, all opium was destroyed in public on Humen Beach.

opium war

The first stage:

Guangdong (June 1840) → Xiamen → Dinghai, Zhejiang → Baihekou, Tianjin → Peace talks

second stage:

Seized Hong Kong Island in early 1841

Guangdong - Southeast Coast

[Knowledge Expansion] The Treaty of Wangxia between China and the United States and the Treaty of Huangpu between China and France

Sino-US "Wangxia Treaty"

The unequal treaty imposed by the United States on China is also known as the "China-US Wangxia Treaty" and the "China-US Five-Port Trade Charter." On July 3, 1844, the U.S. envoy Gu Sheng and Qi Ying, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi in the Qing Dynasty, signed the "Customs Tariff Rules" in Wangxia Village near Macau. The main contents include: expanding the scope of consular jurisdiction and strengthening the principles of agreed tariffs; it also provides for permission Americans built churches and hospitals in treaty ports, and American warships could "inspect trade" at ports along China's coast. At the same time, the United States had the right to amend the treaty after 12 years.

Treaty of Whampoa between China and France

The unequal treaty imposed by France on China is also known as the "Sino-French Whampoa Treaty" and the "Sino-French Five-Port Trade Charter." On October 24, 1844, the French envoy Cicily and Qi Ying, the governor of Guangdong and Guangdong in the Qing Dynasty, signed it in Huangpu, Guangzhou. The "Customs Tariff" was attached, which stipulated that: France enjoys agreed tariffs, five-port trade, consular jurisdiction, comprehensive most-favored nation treatment, etc. privileges; allowed the French to build churches in treaty ports, and forced the Qing government to lift the ban on Western religions.

The impact of the Opium War on China

1. Economy: The import of foreign goods impacted China’s self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy; reparations increased the Qing government’s financial burden; China was drawn into the capitalist world market.

2. Politics: China’s national sovereignty was destroyed (territorial integrity, tariff sovereignty, etc.); the traditional tribute system was broken; the gateway to my country’s southeastern coast was opened to facilitate the invasion of foreign capitalist forces.

3. Diplomacy: International status declined, passively beaten.

4. Thought: Western learning spread to the East.

5. Society: The nature of society has changed and it has begun to degenerate into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; the main social contradiction has transformed into the contradiction between the Chinese nation and foreign capitalism.

Causes of the Second Opium War

The fundamental reason: the great powers continue to expand their interests in China

Direct reason: The Qing government rejected its request to comprehensively revise the treaty

Trigger: "Yalo" incident and "Priest Horse" incident

The first stage

In 1856, the British army attacked Guangzhou and the Second Opium War broke out. Subsequently, France also joined the invasion of China. The British and French forces captured Guangzhou and then marched north to Tianjin. In 1858, the Qing government was forced to sign the Treaty of Tianjin with Britain and France respectively. The main contents included:

1. Allow foreign envoys to be stationed in Beijing and open ten more trade ports along the rivers and coasts;

2. Compensate Britain and France with huge amounts of silver;

3. Allow foreigners to travel, do business and preach in mainland China;

4. Foreign warships and merchant ships can travel together at various ports on the Yangtze River.

second stage

Soon, Britain and France were dissatisfied with the route to Beijing designated by the Qing government to exchange treaties, and conflict broke out again. The British and French forces captured Tianjin and Beijing one after another, burned the Old Summer Palace, and Emperor Xianfeng fled to Rehe. In 1860, the Qing government was forced to sign the Treaty of Beijing with Britain and France respectively. The main contents included:

1. Recognize the validity of the Treaty of Tianjin;

2. Open Tianjin as a commercial port;

3. Cut the first district of Kowloon Division to the British;

4. Reparations to Britain and France were increased to 8 million taels of silver each.

[Thinking] Looking at the opening of China’s modern treaty ports from the perspective of diverse history

Global historical perspective: Strengthening the connection between China and the world, forcing China to be included in the capitalist world colonial system

Civilization history view: It is a window for China to learn about modern Western industrial civilization. It was the first to accept Western democratic ideas, but it had a certain impact on traditional Chinese culture.

Social historical perspective: The place where traditional agricultural civilization and advanced industrial civilization first intersected, while bringing about major changes and development, it also produced a series of problems

Class view of history: It is the base for the export of goods and capital by the great powers to China, seriously damaging China’s economic sovereignty and accelerating the process of semi-colonialization.

Two Opium Wars PPT, the third part: "Learn from the barbarians and develop skills to control the barbarians" - the impact of the Opium Wars

Lin Zexu and "Four Continents"

Lin Zexu was "the first person to open his eyes to the world" in modern China. Lin Zexu has the character of seeking truth from facts. Faced with the need for international knowledge when dealing with opium and tobacco from British and American officials, he opened a translation office in Guangzhou, recruited translators, collected information and international knowledge about Western countries, including knowledge of international law, and translated them into manuscripts such as "Four Continents" for use. Reference when negotiating with foreign countries.

Wei Yuan and "Hai Guo Tu Zhi"

Wei Yuan paid attention to collecting foreign historical and geographical knowledge and compiled the book "Hai Guo Tu Zhi" based on "Four Continents". This book introduces the history, geography and social status quo of various countries according to the five continents of the world, and introduces foreign military and technology. It is one of the earliest books introducing foreign history and geography in modern China, and is known as an "encyclopedia" for understanding foreign knowledge. In his book, Wei Yuan put forward the idea of ​​"learning from the foreigners and developing skills to control the foreigners".

Xu Jixi and "Yinghuan Zhilue"

Xu Ji'an, the chief envoy of Fujian, was another person who opened his eyes to see the world. He handled foreign affairs in Fujian, carefully collected foreign affairs and Western writings, and wrote the book "Ying Huan Zhi Lue". "Yinghuan Zhilue" systematically introduces the geographical location, historical changes, economic culture, customs and customs of nearly 80 countries and regions in the world at that time. It is rich in content and complete in narrative, with special emphasis on the inspection and introduction of European and American countries.

Two Opium Wars PPT, Part 4: In-class Testing

1. Lord Boehme, commander of the British Navy, said: Mr. Lin (Zexu) is a good governor of China. He is bloody and talented, but he does not know the situation in foreign countries. If you can cut off opium, you can't cut off trade. If trade is cut off, our country will not be able to make a living. , had to make every effort to negotiate business. Boehmer believed that the direct reason for Britain's war was ()

A. Lin Zexu led the anti-smoking movement

B． The Qing government insisted on seclusion

C. Lin Zexu cut off trade with British merchants

D. Britain attempts to open up the Chinese market

2. According to statistics, in the second half of the 1840s, the absolute value of Guangzhou's foreign trade showed a downward trend. The total trade with the United Kingdom dropped from 31 million yuan to 16 million yuan, and the number of American merchant ships visiting Guangzhou dropped from 93 to 70. The main reason for the above phenomenon is ()

A. The Treaty of Nanjing opened five ports to trade

B． Cantonese boycotted foreign goods during the Opium War

C. The Opium War hit Guangzhou’s foreign trade

D. The Qing government tightened restrictions on Guangzhou's foreign trade

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For more information about the PPT courseware "Internal Troubles and Foreign Troubles in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Plan to Save the Nation from the Two Opium Wars", please click the "Internal Troubles and Foreign Troubles in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Plan to Save the Nation from the Two Opium Wars" ppt tag.