"The Arrival of the Steam Age" Entering Modern Times PPT Courseware 4

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"The Arrival of the Steam Age" Entering Modern Times PPT Courseware 4

spinning jenny

In 1764, James Hargreaves, a spinner in Lancashire, England, went home that night. After opening the door, he accidentally kicked over the spinning machine that his wife was using.

He saw that the kicked down spinning machine was still spinning, but the originally horizontal spindle was now upright.

He suddenly thought: If several spindles were arranged vertically and driven by a spinning wheel, wouldn't it be possible to spin more yarn at once?

The next day he built a new spinning machine that used a spinning wheel to drive eight vertical spindles, and the efficiency increased eightfold.

In 1768, J. Hargreaves co-founded a spinning workshop in Nottingham with others, using a Jenny spinning machine to produce knitting yarn.

Those spinners who did not use the "Jenny machine" not only had low output, but also could not sell cotton yarn at a good price.

As time went on, they broke into the Hargreaves home and destroyed the machinery.

patent act

The world's earliest patent was issued by King Henry VI of England in 1449 for a method of making stained glass.

1867 Dana Dynamite Alfred Nobel

1876 ​​Telephone Alexander Graham Bell

1914 Zipper Gideon Sundback

Scotch tape 1928 Richard Drew

The original function of the steam engine

In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, as the demand for mineral products increased, mines were dug deeper and deeper, and many mines encountered serious water accumulation problems.

In 1698, Severy in England first invented the steam pump for drainage.

In 1712, the British blacksmith Newcomen built mankind's first practical steam engine. It was popular for more than half a century and was mainly used for pumping water in mines.

By comparison, what improvements did Watt make to the steam engine?

The thermal efficiency of the Newcomen atmospheric steam engine is very low. This is mainly because when the steam enters the cylinder, it condenses on the cylinder wall that has just been cooled by water and loses a lot of heat. It is only popularized in coal-producing areas with low coal prices.

The British instrument repairman James Watt invented the steam engine in 1765 with a condenser separate from the cylinder wall.

Watt's creative work led to the rapid development of the steam engine. He turned the original machine that could only lift water into a steam engine that could be widely used. He doubled the thermal efficiency of the steam engine and greatly reduced the coal consumption.

Watt and steam engine

Since the late 18th century, steam engines have been widely used not only in the mining industry, but also in smelting, textiles, machine manufacturing and other industries.

It enabled British textile production to increase fivefold in more than 20 years (from 1766 to 1789).

Industrial Revolution

Replacing manual operations with machine production is a revolution that has undergone profound changes in both productivity and production relations!

working time

The emergence of modern factories gave rise to the concept of "working time". Initially, workers worked for about 15 hours a day, which caused problems such as lack of sleep and physical recovery for workers, which seriously affected the health of workers.

In response to this problem, Britain enacted the "Factory Act" in 1833, which stipulated that workers should work 12 hours a day.

In 1919, the "International Labor Organization (ILO)" Treaty No. 1 stipulated that the daily working time is 8 hours as an international principle.

two. What were the effects of the Industrial Revolution?

1. Rapid development of productivity;

2. Two directly opposing classes emerged, the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat;

3. The East began to be subordinate to the West.

Thoughts on the Industrial Revolution

A large number of daily necessities produced by mechanical means are cheap and durable.

However, in order to maximize profits, factory owners indulge in rough manufacturing without having to study the aesthetic connotation of product modeling and the absorption of traditional styles and other artistic issues.

Craftsmen of traditional crafts use their exquisite skills and the traditional experience of their predecessors to create elegant handicrafts.

Under the impact of the wave of mechanical production, handmade products were driven out of the market.

Class summary

The advent of the steam age

1. Industrial Revolution

2. The process of industrial revolution:

1. The Invention of the Jenny Machine (Hargreaves)

2. In 1785, Watt built an improved steam engine.

3. Innovation in transportation.

(1) Stephenson invented the train

(2) American Fulton built a steamboat

3. Impact of the Industrial Revolution:

1. Impact on productivity

2. Impact on production relations

3. Impact on world structure

Selected Exercises

one. Multiple choice questions

1. The world's first industrial country was ( )

A. United States B. United Kingdom C. France D. Spain

2. The improved steam engine made by Watt was put into use when ( )

A. 1640 B. 1757 C. 1785 D. 1840

3. Among the following machines and means of transportation, which ones appeared in the 18th and 19th centuries ( )

①Train ②Steamboat ③Water-powered spinning machine ④Mule machine

⑤Aircraft ⑥Jenny ⑦Space Shuttle ⑧Hydrofoil

A, ①②⑥⑦⑧B, ③④⑤⑥⑦

C、①②③④⑥D、②④⑤⑦⑧

4． The industrial revolution first occurred in ( )

A. Cotton textile industry B. Wool textile industry C. Linen textile industry D. Silk textile industry

5. Steam engines were used to drive machines and brought humans into the world ( )

A. Water Conservancy Age B. Steam Age C. Electricity Age D. Electricity Age

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Update Time: 2024-09-09

This template belongs to History courseware People's Education Press Ninth Grade History Volume 1 industry PPT template

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