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"The Spherical Structure of the Earth" Earth in the Universe PPT teaching courseware
Part One: Strengthening the Implementation of Basic Knowledge
[Self-reading textbook·Fill in key points]
1. The Earth’s Inner Circle
1. seismic waves
(1) Classification: A in the picture represents _____, and B represents _____.
(2)Features
A wave: propagates slowly and can only propagate through _____
B wave: propagates quickly and can propagate through solids, liquids and _____
(3) Wave speed changes:
①At C 35 km underground (referring to the continental part): the propagation speed is obviously _____.
②At D, 2 900 km underground: A wave _____, B wave propagation speed _____.
2. Circle division
(1) Basis: Changes in the propagation speed of seismic waves in the interior of the earth.
(2) Interface: C in the picture is the _____ surface, and D is the _____ surface.
(3) Circle layer: from the inside to the outside, E+F is _____, G is the mantle, and H is _____.
3. J
Including the earth's crust and _____ (the upper mantle above the asthenosphere), which is composed of hard rock.
2. Earth’s outer sphere
1. atmosphere
Refers to the layer of gas surrounding the Earth. Its lower boundary is the earth's land and sea surface, and the density of the atmosphere gradually decreases with height _____.
2. Hydrosphere
It is a _____ circle of _____ composed of water bodies on the earth's surface. Including __________ (oceans, rivers, lakes, etc.), groundwater, atmospheric water, biological water, etc.
3. biosphere
The biosphere in a broad sense is the circle composed of all living things on the earth and their living environment. Found in lower _______, throughout _____, and upper _____.
The Earth’s Spherical Structure PPT, Part 2: Pay Attention to Problem-Based Teaching
Question 1: How to divide the inner circles of the earth? Basic test points
Research Point (1) The Earth’s Inner Sphere
Officially determined by the China Seismological Network: At 9:46 on April 29, 2019, an earthquake measuring 3.0 on the Richter scale occurred in the Tanggula area of Haixi Prefecture, Qinghai Province at 33.91 degrees north latitude and 90.59 degrees east longitude, with a focal depth of 9 km.
[Explore] In which circle of the earth was the source of this earthquake located?
Tip: According to the materials, the focal depth of this earthquake is 9 km and should be located in the earth's crust.
Research point (2) Seismic waves and their characteristics
Seismic waves refer to waves that are emitted from fractures in rock formations and propagate in the earth's medium when an earthquake occurs. Seismic waves are divided into longitudinal waves and transverse waves. Longitudinal waves, referred to as P waves, are waves whose vibration direction is consistent with the propagation direction of the wave. Longitudinal waves propagate quickly. When they reach the ground, people feel shaking and objects jump up and down. Transverse waves, referred to as S waves, are waves whose vibration direction is perpendicular to the propagation direction of the wave. Transverse waves propagate slower than longitudinal waves. When they reach the ground, people feel shaken and objects swing back and forth. Therefore, when an earthquake strikes, people's feeling is "first jolted and then shaken". Transverse waves are powerful and are the main factor causing damage to buildings.
[Explore] If you were on the street when an earthquake occurred, how would you feel? How would you feel if you were rowing on a lake? Why?
Tip: When you are on the street, you will first feel the ground bumping up and down, and then shaking horizontally, because both longitudinal and transverse waves can pass through on land, and longitudinal waves propagate faster than transverse waves. Rowing in a lake can only feel up and down, because only longitudinal waves can propagate in liquids, and transverse waves can only propagate in solids.
[System Cognition]
1. The specific divisions and characteristics of the Earth’s inner spheres
Taking the Moho surface and the Gutenberg surface as boundaries, the interior of the earth can be divided into three layers: the crust, the mantle and the core. The specific comparison is shown in the following table:
2. The difference and connection between the earth's crust and lithosphere
The crust is located above the Moho plane and is a thin, hard outer shell composed of rock on the earth's surface. The lithosphere is different from the earth's crust. The lithosphere includes the earth's crust and the top of the upper mantle (the upper mantle above the asthenosphere). The relationship between the two is shown in the figure below:
[Training to pass the test]
1. The basis for dividing the earth’s internal circles is ()
A. Changes in seismic wave speed
B． Changes in Earth's Internal Temperature
C． Changes in the composition of the earth's interior
D． Changes in pressure within the Earth
2. The correct statement about the lithosphere is ()
A. The lithosphere is made of rock and is part of the Earth's crust
B． The lithosphere is located in the upper part of the upper mantle and below the asthenosphere
C． The lithosphere includes the entire crust and upper mantle
D． The lithosphere includes the crust and the top of the upper mantle, above the asthenosphere
3. From the Earth's Crust to the Earth's Core ()
A. The pressure is getting bigger and biggerB. The temperature is getting lower and lower
C． Density is getting smaller and smaller D. The wave speed is getting faster and faster
Question 2: How to divide the outer circles of the earth? Basic test points
[Thinking and exploring]
On February 28, 2017, the "Jiaolong" manned submersible completed the first dive of China's Ocean Voyage 38 in the northwest Indian Ocean. This is the "first dive" carried out by the "Jiaolong" in 2017, and it is also the first time my country has carried out a deep-diving survey in the northwest Indian Ocean, with a depth of 3,500 m. The "Jiaolong" overcame numerous environmental and technical difficulties to conduct deep-sea exploration. In addition to exploring paths for the development of marine resources, it also undertakes many scientific research missions such as marine life and geological evolution.
[Explore] In which circle of the earth is the "Jiaolong" dive location located? Is this circle all distributed below sea level?
Hint: water circles. This circle is an irregular circle composed of water bodies on the earth's surface, including surface water, groundwater, atmospheric water, biological water, etc. Therefore, not all of this circle is distributed below sea level.
[Training to pass the test]
1. Which of the following statements about the Earth's spherical structure is incorrect ()
A. The main components of the atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen
B． The hydrosphere is a continuous but irregular circle
C． The biosphere is the sphere made up of all living things on earth
D． The various circles are interpenetrated and interconnected.
2. Regarding the description of the hydrosphere, the incorrect statement is ()
A. It is an outer circle composed of various water bodies.
B． The main body of water is river water in land water
C． Water is one of the most active physical geographical elements
D． It is indispensable for the survival and development of humans and other living things
3. The spatial range of the geographical environment on which human beings live is closest to ()
A. Atmosphere B. Hydrosphere
C． biosphere d. J
The Earth’s Spherical Structure PPT, Part 3: Carry out structural evaluation of thinking
Structural evaluation of thinking——Beautiful Guizhou·Huangguoshu Waterfall
Huangguoshu Waterfall is located in Ningbuyi and Miao Autonomous County, Anshun City, Guizhou Province, China. It is the largest first-level waterfall in the Huangguoshu Waterfalls group. It is one of the world's famous waterfalls and is famous for its huge water flow. The height of the waterfall is 77.8 m, of which the height of the main waterfall is 67 m; the width of the waterfall is 101 m, of which the top width of the main waterfall is 83.3 m. On the other side of the waterfall, there is a quaint waterfall viewing pavilion. On the pavilion pillar is engraved a couplet written by the Qing Dynasty: "The white water is like cotton, and the flowers will scatter without a bow; the red clouds are like brocade, there is no need to weave them in nature." The picture on the right is a landscape picture of Huangguoshu Waterfall, trying to explain the circles in the picture and their interrelationships.
[Your evaluation and thinking are perfect]
Student A did not answer the question about the atmosphere circle in the diagram, nor did he clearly answer the relationship between the various layers; Student B's answer was of a multi-point structure, and he was able to answer the circle structure contained in the diagram, saying The position of the biosphere in each sphere, but did not explain the connection between the spheres in detail; Student C’s answer was between multiple points and related structures, that is, he answered the sphere structure contained in the diagram and listed the various spheres. There is a connection between the circles, but it is just a general answer without pointing out the essence of the connection.
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