"The Second Opium War and the Westernization Movement" The invasion of foreign powers and the survival of the Chinese nation PPT courseware

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"The Second Opium War and the Westernization Movement" The invasion of foreign powers and the survival of the Chinese nation PPT courseware

Material: After the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing between China and Britain, the European bourgeoisie was ecstatic. "Everyone seemed to have gone crazy at the thought of opening up trade with 30 or 40 million people." They fully believe that by opening up the vast market in China, they can sell products in large quantities and earn high profits. However, it is not. For more than ten years before 1855, Britain's trade in industrial products with China had always hovered around 2 million pounds. British businessmen attributed the reason why British cotton textiles were unsaleable in China to the fact that China had too few open ports and the British enjoyed too few privileges in China. They predict: "The prospects of the Chinese market are broad, and its sales volume will be greater than that of Europe in the future."

Thinking: What was the purpose of Britain and France launching the Second Opium War?

1. The smoke of gunfire rises again

1. The outbreak of the Second Opium War

(1) Background:

China: The Qing government did not pay enough attention to the challenges from the Western powers.

Great powers: Not satisfied with the rights and interests they have seized in China, they are plotting to expand.

(2) Fuse: "Yalor" incident

(3) Time: 1856-1860

(4) Initiating country: The British and French coalition forces are the main culprits, and the United States and Russia are accomplices

2. Burning the Old Summer Palace

Thought 1: More than ten years after the Opium War, why did Britain and France reignite the war in our country and provoke the Second Opium War?

The second war

1. From October 1856 to June 1858, the British army invaded Guangzhou City, captured the Dagukou Fort, occupied Tianjin, and signed the "Tianjin Treaty".

2. In 1860, Britain and France once again captured Tianjin, occupied Beijing, and burned the Old Summer Palace. Signing of the Beijing Treaty.

Thought 2: “What does the history of the burning of the Old Summer Palace illustrate?”

On the one hand, it once again exposed the ferocious face of capitalist plunder, and on the other hand, it once again exposed the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government. The war caused China to lose more rights and interests. It was a continuation of the Opium War.

3. The signing of a series of unequal treaties

1. "Beijing Treaty"

(1) The Qing government recognized the validity of the Treaty of Tianjin

(2) Open Tianjin as a commercial port;

(3) Cut off Kowloon Division 1 to the British;

(4) Compensation for the military expenditures of Britain and France will be increased to 8 million taels of silver each.

4. Tsarist Russia invaded and occupied large areas of China’s territory

Think: What does this fact mean?

Tsarist Russia has always had territorial ambitions towards China. The Opium War exposed the weakness of the Qing government, which led to Tsarist Russia’s plundering and wanton aggression. Tsarist Russia became the country that occupied the most territory in China in modern times. Tsarist Russia’s aggression severely damaged China’s territorial integrity.

The Treaty of Beijing between China, Britain and France not only recognized the full validity of the Treaty of Tianjin, but also stipulated:

1. Open Tianjin as a commercial port

Directly threatening the security of Beijing, the heart of the Qing Dynasty

2. Cut off Kowloon Division 1 to the British

British regional aggression in Hong Kong has expanded

3. Compensate the British and French military expenditures of 8 million taels each, for a total of 16 million taels of silver.

The burden on the people has increased and the national treasury is empty

Through the Treaty of Tianjin and the Treaty of Beijing, the great powers seized more rights and interests:

1. Foreign ministers in Beijing

Gradually influenced and manipulated the Qing government's internal affairs and diplomacy

2. A large number of new treaty ports were opened

Capitalist forces invade China's coast and interior more broadly

3. Missionary work in the Mainland

Allowing the church's aggressive forces to freely conduct illegal activities throughout China

The emergence of Westernization?

During the Second Opium War, in the process of suppressing peasant uprisings and dealing with Western powers, some powerful bureaucrats in the Qing government were deeply stimulated by the power of Western ships and artillery. In order to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty, they advocated the introduction and learning of advanced Western machinery and equipment and science and technology, and the establishment of modern industry. These people were called Westernizers.

Westernization: refers to all foreign-related affairs, including the establishment of military and civilian industries, the establishment of a new army and navy, the establishment of new schools, sending overseas students, and many other foreign-related contents. It does not only refer to the establishment of industry.

Proposal: Introduce and learn from Western advanced machinery and equipment and science and technology, and establish modern industry. These people are called "Westernizers"

Flag: "Learn from foreigners and learn skills to strengthen ourselves"

Organization: Prime Minister’s Office for International Affairs (Prime Minister’s Office)

Group discussion (tell us about the role these facts played at that time?)

(1) In 1861, Zeng Guofan founded the Anqing Ordnance Institute, which employed Chinese craftsmen to imitate Western-style guns and guns. It was the earliest modern military industry in China. Beginning in 1862, it took three years to successfully develop my country's first steamship, the "Huang Hu".

(2) Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau. Zuo Zongtang hired foreign engineers when he first founded it, but later laid off workers and produced it by his own workers. During the Westernization Movement, overseas students were also sent to the United States to study. Everyone is very familiar with Zhan Tianyou's design of Beijing after he completed his studies. Zhang Railway.

(3) In 1872, Li Hongzhang founded the Steamship Merchants Company in Shanghai. It was China’s first modern steamship company and the first civilian enterprise established by the Westernizationists. When it was founded, it bought 3 ships. In 1877, it acquired the American Qichang Steamship Company, causing the American Qichang Company to go bankrupt. Finally, it owned more than 30 ships, forming a strong merchant fleet.

(4) During the Westernization Movement, many wealthy landowners, businessmen and bureaucrats began to invest their excess money in establishing enterprises. Industrialists such as Zhang Zhidong and Chen Qiyuan of Guangdong established a large number of enterprises. By 1894, China's national industries The total number has reached more than 170.

Discuss

The Westernization Movement established a number of modern military and civilian enterprises, opened new schools, sent overseas students, prepared for the establishment of a modern navy, and so on. What role did the Westernization Movement play at that time? How do we evaluate it?

Think about it:

Why did the Westernization Movement go bankrupt? What does its bankruptcy tell us?

The decadent feudal system was the culprit. Instead of changing it, the Westernizationists tried to maintain it and achieve the goal of enriching the country and strengthening the army. This approach was doomed to fail.

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"The Second Opium War and the Westernization Movement" The invasion of foreign powers and the salvation of the Chinese nation PPT courseware 2:

"The Second Opium War and the Westernization Movement" The invasion of foreign powers and the salvation of the Chinese nation PPT courseware 2 1. The burning of the Old Summer Palace 1. The fundamental reason: Britain and France expanded their rights of aggression in order to further open up the Chinese market 2. Time: 1856~1860 3. Process: 4...

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Update Time: 2024-09-07

This template belongs to History courseware East China Normal University Edition Eighth Grade History Volume 1 industry PPT template

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