"The Rule of the Beiyang Warlords" The Revolution of 1911 and the Creation of the Republic of China PPT Courseware 2

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"The Rule of the Beiyang Warlords" The Revolution of 1911 and the Creation of the Republic of China PPT Courseware 2

1. Yuan Shikai’s measures to monopolize power after taking office as interim president

Politically:

1. Move the capital to Beijing;

2. Reorganize the cabinet, appoint one of his cronies as prime minister, and find ways to weaken the power of the revolutionaries;

3. Coerce the Congress to elect him as the official president and fully control the Congress;

4. Dissolve the National Assembly; abolish the "Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China" and the responsible cabinet, promulgate the "Constitution of the Republic of China"; promulgate the "Presidential Election Law"

Military:

Strengthen the Beiyang Army and weaken the revolutionary army.

Diplomacy:

Signing contracts without authorization and borrowing money from foreign powers

Surrender to Japan and accept the "Twenty-One Measures" to destroy China.

"Twenty-one" (excerpt)

① Recognize that Japan will inherit all German rights and interests in Shandong, and Shandong Province shall not be transferred to other countries.

② Recognize the privileges of Japanese people to live, travel, operate industry and commerce, and mine in southern Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia. The lease terms of Lushun and Dalian, as well as the management terms of the Nanman-Manchuria and Anfeng-Fengcheng Railways, have been extended to 99 years.

③The Hanyeping Company was changed to a Sino-Japanese joint venture, and nearby mines were not allowed to be mined by anyone other than the company.

④ All China’s coastal harbors and islands will not be leased or transferred to other countries.

⑤The Chinese government hires Japanese as political, military, financial and other consultants. China and Japan jointly run the police and arsenal. The construction rights of the railways between Wuchang and Nanchang, Nanchang and Hangzhou, and Nanchang and Chaozhou were transferred to Japan. Japan has priority in mining, building seaports and shipyards, building roads, etc. in Fujian Province. . . . . . .

Which countries' interests have been harmed by "Twenty-One"?

It seriously harmed China's rights and interests and was a treaty that humiliated the country.

Damaged the interests of European and American powers in China

2. The Assassination of Song Jiaoren and the “Second Revolution”

In 1912, Song Jiaoren obtained Sun Yat-sen's consent and reorganized the Tongmenghui into the Kuomintang, posing a great threat to Yuan Shikai. In March 1913, Song Jiaoren was assassinated at the Shanghai Railway Station. Sun Yat-sen was vigilant and advocated raising an army to attack Yuan and launch a "second revolution". Due to the lack of unified leadership and dispersion, it ultimately failed. Yuan Shikai's dictatorship was officially established.

3. Restoration of the monarchy

In 1914, Yuan Shikai ordered the dissolution of Congress, tore up the "Provisional Constitution", and replaced the cabinet system with a presidential system.

In 1915, accepted the "Twenty-one Articles"

Time: late 1915

Country name: Empire of China

Year name: Hong Xian.

1916 was the first year of Hongxian's reign

4. National Protection Movement

(1) Reason: In 1915, Yuan Shikai signed the "Twenty-one Articles" with Japan to sell China's rights and interests. In December 1915, Yuan Shikai restored the monarchy and changed 1916 to the first year of "Hongxian".

(2) Time: 1915-1916

(3) Launch: Cai E organized the National Defense Army and launched a war against Yuan, and the whole country responded.

(4) Result: Yuan Shikai was forced to abolish the imperial system and the national protection movement was victorious.

Thinking: The inevitability of the failure of Yuan Shikai’s imperial system:

1. Yuan Shikai’s perverse actions went against the trend of historical development of democracy and republic, and were opposed by the people across the country;

2. After the Revolution of 1911, the concept of democracy and republic became deeply rooted in the hearts of the people;

3. The revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen persisted in the struggle;

4. The European and American powers were dissatisfied with the Twenty-One Agreement signed between Japan and China;

5. Warlord melee

After Yuan Shikai's death, warlords broke out in China. The Beiyang warlords were quickly classified into three major factions, namely Zhang Zuolin's Feng clique warlords, Feng Guozhang's Zhili clique warlords, and Duan Qirui's Anhui clique warlords.

6. Causes and consequences of warlord melee

Direct cause: Yuan Shikai's death, the internal conflicts among the Beiyang warlords became prominent.

The main reason: The major countries of each major empire support different warlords, competing for territory, population and dominance.

Warlords, big and small, manipulated the great powers, supported their own troops, imposed excessive taxes and levies, and fought in chaos for years, bringing endless disasters to the people.

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Update Time: 2024-08-30

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