"The Reform and Evolution of Socialist Countries in Eastern Europe" The Reform and Evolution of Socialist Countries PPT Courseware 3

"The Reform and Evolution of Socialist Countries in Eastern Europe" The Reform and Evolution of Socialist Countries PPT Courseware 3

1. Hungarian reforms

In the mid-1950s, the proportions of agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry in Eastern European countries were seriously out of balance. Agricultural production was reduced, market supply was tight, and people's lives were seriously affected. On October 23, 1956, a massive mass demonstration broke out in Budapest, which later turned into a bloody conflict. On October 24 and November 4, the Soviet Union sent troops to suppress the movement twice, which was known as the "Hungarian Incident" in history.

Hungary’s main measures to implement “new economic system reform”

Main contents of reform measures

Politically, improve the party's leadership, promote socialist democracy, improve the legal system, and stabilize the political situation.

Economically, reduce the accumulation rate, slow down the development of heavy industry, and give priority to the development of agriculture and light industry; adjust agricultural policies, abolish the compulsory sales system of agricultural products, increase the purchase price of agricultural products, the state cancels mandatory plans for cooperatives and state-owned farms, and reform Use economic means such as prices and taxes to adjust; reform the management system in industry.

Private enterprise Allows the development of private small businesses employing up to five people

2. Dramatic changes in Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia was a federal state that existed from 1918 to 1992. On October 28, 1918, the Czechoslovak Republic was established. In 1960, a new constitution was adopted and the country's name was changed to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. In April 1990, the Federal Parliament decided to change the name of the country to the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. On January 1, 1993, it split into two independent republics, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

The Berlin Wall was built by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) on the night of August 12, 1961, to isolate the Federal Republic of Germany (Federal Germany, West Germany). When it was torn down on November 9, 1989, the dismantling of the Berlin Wall facilitated the reunification of Germany. On October 3, 1990, the Democratic Republic of Germany merged into the Federal Republic of Germany. After reunification, Germany used the name, flag, national anthem, and national emblem of the Federal Republic of Germany, with its capital in Berlin.

Most countries such as Poland achieved change of power through peaceful means, the Democratic Republic of Germany through its merger with the Federal Republic of Germany, and Romania through bloody conflicts. After the regime changes in Eastern Europe, Germany was unified, Yugoslavia was divided into five republics, and Czechoslovakia was divided into two.

The essence of drastic changes in Eastern Europe

The Communist Party lost its ruling status and the social system underwent fundamental changes.

What are the causes of the drastic changes in Eastern Europe?

(1) Historical reasons: Being controlled by the Soviet Union for a long time, the country copied the Soviet model, resulting in many mistakes and problems.

(2) Internal reasons: economic aspect (the old system has not been fundamentally reformed and has little effect);

(3) Political aspects (a highly centralized political system causes bureaucracy to grow and expand).

(4) External reasons: Soviet factors (promotion of Gorbachev’s reforms); Western factors (long-term implementation of the “peaceful evolution” strategy).

Inspiration from the drastic changes in Eastern Europe:

① Adhere to the path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and adhere to independent domestic and foreign policies;

② Vigorously develop productivity, improve people's living standards, and demonstrate the superiority of socialism;

③Establish and improve socialist democracy and legal system, and implement the rule of law;

④ Strengthen the building of the ruling party and safeguard the party’s leadership position.

Classroom training

1. After World War II, the socialist countries in Eastern Europe successively carried out reforms to promote economic development. Among them, the most outstanding results are ( )

A. Poland B. Hungary

C. Romania D. Yugoslavia

2. When did the drastic changes in Eastern Europe begin ( )

A. Early 1980s B. Mid-1980s C. Late 1980s D. Early 1990s

3. Which of the following is not the cause of the drastic changes in Eastern Europe ( )

A. Rapid economic development in Eastern Europe

B. The highly centralized economic management system does not meet the requirements of economic development.

C. The burden of foreign debt is heavy and people’s living standards have declined.

D. Improper reform measures and little effect

4. When did the Soviet Union disintegrate? ( )

A.1985 B.1989 C.1990 D.1991

5. The historical facts of the disintegration of the Soviet Union show that ( )

A. The complete failure of the socialist movement

B. The failure of the “Soviet model”

C. The failure of the international labor movement

D. The failure of Leninism

6. What historical lessons have the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union left us?

(1) Emancipate the mind, seek truth from facts, keep pace with the times, proceed from the national conditions of the country, and combine the universal principles of Marxism with the specific realities of the country;

(2) It is recommended that socialism must center on economic construction, vigorously develop social productive forces, strive to advance economic construction, and continuously improve people’s living standards and comprehensive national strength to adapt to the situation of globalization and international competition;

(3) Socialist countries must continue to deepen reforms to liberate productive forces. At the same time, we must adhere to the leadership and socialist path of the Communist Party of China during the reform, and uphold the guiding position of Marxism unwaveringly;

(4) We must pay attention to domestic ethnic issues, correctly handle ethnic relations, and oppose ethnic chauvinism.

(5) We must pursue an independent foreign policy of peace, refrain from hegemonism, and oppose power politics.

(6) We must strengthen the construction of socialist democracy and the legal system, do a good job in the self-construction of the ruling party, improve the party's ability to govern, maintain the party's advanced nature, persist in building the party for the public, govern for the people, resist corruption and prevent degeneration, and uphold the party's mass line;

(7) We must adhere to Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of "Three Represents", adhere to the Scientific Outlook on Development, and strive to build a harmonious socialist society.

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