"The Revolution of 1911 and the Establishment of the Republic of China" The Revolution of 1911 and the National Awakening PPT Courseware 2

"The Revolution of 1911 and the Establishment of the Republic of China" The Revolution of 1911 and the National Awakening PPT Courseware 2

Sun Yat-sen

(1866-1925), whose original name was Wen and courtesy name Yixian, was a native of Cuiheng Village, Xiangshan County, Guangdong (now Zhongshan City).

He is a great forerunner of China's democratic revolution. He devoted his whole life to transforming China, made indelible achievements in history, and left a precious political legacy for his successors.

A series of efforts made by the revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen

1. In 1894, the Xingzhong Society was established

It was the first bourgeois revolutionary group established by bourgeois revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen

2. In 1905, the Tongmenghui was established

The first national bourgeois revolutionary party

3. Revolutionary Program: Three People's Principles

"Drive out the Tartars, restore China, establish the Republic of China, and equalize land rights."

4. Revolutionaries organized a series of armed uprisings

The establishment of the Republic of China

Time: January 1, 1912

Capital: Nanjing

Interim President: Sun Yat-sen

National flag: five-color flag

Switch to the Gregorian calendar and use the Republic of China era,

1912 was the first year of the Republic of China.

"Provisional Laws of the Republic of China"

think:

(1) What are the characteristics of sovereignty in Chapter 1? How is it different from people’s understanding in ancient Chinese society?

(2) What concepts of bourgeois democratic revolutionary thought are reflected in Chapter 2?

(3) What ideas are reflected in the division of power in Chapters 3, 4, and 6?

Chapter 1, "General Program", stipulates: "The sovereignty of the Republic of China belongs to all its citizens";

Chapter 2 "People" stipulates: "All people in the Republic of China are equal without distinction of race, class, or religion"; "People have the freedom to maintain property and do business"; people have the right to enjoy personal, residence, property, speech, publication, Freedom of assembly, association, communication, belief, etc.

Chapter 3 "Senate" stipulates: "The legislative power of the Republic of China is exercised by the Senate";

Chapter 4, "Interim President and Vice President", stipulates: "The interim president represents the interim government, takes charge of government affairs, and promulgates laws";

When the President proposes a legal bill, promulgates a law or issues an order, he must countersign it. ";

Chapter 6, "Courts," stipulates: "Judges conduct trials independently and are not subject to interference by superior authorities."

think about it

Why did Sun Yat-sen give Yuan Shikai the political power that the revolutionaries had fought so hard for?

Sun Yat-sen was forced to compromise with Yuan Shikai, saying that if the Qing emperor abdicated and Yuan Shikai supported the republic, he could be recommended as the interim president.

end of empire

1. The end of the monarchy:

In February 1912, Emperor Xuantong issued an edict to abdicate. It marked the end of the Qing Dynasty, which had ruled China for more than 260 years, and the end of the autocratic monarchy that had ruled China for more than two thousand years.

2. Yuan Shikai usurped the fruits of the revolution:

In March 1912, Yuan took office in Beijing and usurped the fruits of victory of the Revolution of 1911.

Political democratization and social legalization

Material: The statute stipulates that the sovereignty of the Republic of China belongs to all citizens, and the citizens enjoy... and other rights. The Constitution establishes a political system based on the principle of separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers.

——Compilation of the old version of "Middle School History" of East China Normal University

What changes did the Revolution of 1911 bring about in Chinese politics at that time?

National capitalism has developed rapidly

Materials: From 1912 to 1919, China built more than 470 new factories and mines, with an investment of nearly 100 million yuan. Adding the original expansion and new capital reached more than 130 million yuan, which is equivalent to the total investment in the 50 years before the revolution. The steam used by Chinese factories Power: 43,448 horsepower in 1913 and 82,750 horsepower in 1918, approximately doubled.

──Yan Zhongping's "Modern Chinese Economic History Materials"

What changes do the above data reflect? Why does this change occur?

The concept of democracy and republic is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people

Material: In 1915, Yuan Shikai publicly restored the imperial system, which was strongly opposed by the people across the country. After 83 days, he was forced to abolish the imperial system. In 1917, warlord Zhang Xun supported Puyi, the deposed emperor of the Qing Dynasty, to ascend the throne. Amid the anger of the people across the country, the restoration scandal ended 12 days later.

——Compiled according to "Modern and Modern History of China" (Volume 1) published by People's Education Press

What phenomenon does this material reflect? Why does this happen?

The historical achievements and limitations of the Revolution of 1911:

historical achievements

①The first anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution in China’s modern history;

②Overthrew the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty and ended the autocratic monarchy for more than two thousand years;

③The bourgeois republic was established, allowing the people to obtain some democratic rights and making the concept of democratic republic deeply rooted in the hearts of the people;

④ Promote the rapid development of national capitalism

⑤ Eliminate bad habits and cause changes in social life and customs

historical limitations

①The fruits of the revolution were stolen

② The revolutionary task of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism has not been completely completed, and the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social nature of China has not been changed.

③Failed to realize the great power of the people during the revolutionary process.

test you

1. Multiple choice questions

(1) Wang Qing read in her grandfather’s autobiography that her grandfather participated in the first national-scale bourgeois revolutionary party in his early years. However, Wang Qing could not see the name of this party due to the blurred handwriting. Which of the following do you think it might be? ( )

A. Revive China Society B. Guangfu Society C. Tongmenghui D. Huaxing Society

(2) The Three People's Principles proposed by Sun Yat-sen do not include ( )

A. Nationalism B. Civil rights C. People's livelihood D. Democracy

after class homework:

Reading materials, answer questions

Material: Before the Wuchang Uprising, there was a popular ballad like this: "No need to pinch, no need to count, Xuantong was only two and a half years old. This year the pigs will eat the sheep, and next year there will be no food for the fields." This ballad fully illustrates the people's strong dislike for the Qing government. , indicating that the Qing Dynasty's rule was unprecedentedly isolated and the revolutionary situation was mature. After the Wuchang Uprising, the Qing government fell into disintegration. The establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China also demonstrated the victory of the Revolution of 1911 to a certain extent. But in the end the fruits of the revolution were stolen by Yuan Shikai. This shows that the Revolution of 1911 ultimately failed.

Please answer: (1) What is the historical significance of the Revolution of 1911? (2) Why is it said that the Revolution of 1911 ultimately failed?

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