"The Politics and Military of the Two Song Dynasties" The coexistence of the multi-ethnic regimes of the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties and the unification of the Yuan Dynasty PPT

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"The Politics and Military of the Two Song Dynasties" The coexistence of the multi-ethnic regimes of the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties and the unification of the Yuan Dynasty PPT

Part One: Establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty

On the first day of the first lunar month in 960, there were rumors that the Khitan and the Northern Han Dynasty were marching south to attack the Zhou Dynasty. Prime Minister Fan Zhi and others did not confirm the authenticity, so they rushed Zhao Kuangyin to lead the army to the north to defend against the enemy. When the Zhou army arrived at Chenqiaoyi, Zhao Kuangyin, Zhao Pu and others conspired to launch a mutiny. The generals put a yellow robe on Zhao Kuangyin and supported him as emperor. Later, Zhao Kuangyin led his army back to Kaifeng. The capital guards Shi Shouxin and Wang Shenqi opened the city to welcome Zhao Kuangyin into the city and threatened Emperor Zhou Gong to abdicate. After Zhao Kuangyin came to the throne, he changed the name of the country to "Song" and still made Kaifeng the capital.

Unification of the Northern Song Dynasty

Destroy Guo by false route and capture Jinghu Lake

Attack separately and attack Hou Shu

Lure and annihilate the main force and destroy the Southern Han Dynasty

Sudden attack to destroy Southern Tang Dynasty

Besiege the city and bring reinforcements, destroying the Northern Han Dynasty

The Unification War of the Northern Song Dynasty lasted for eighteen years. It ended the separatism of vassal towns and the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms since the Anshi Rebellion of the Tang Dynasty. It achieved the unification of the main regions in the north and south, and promoted the development of social economy and culture.

The strengthening of authoritarian power

In view of the historical lessons of warlord separatism and political instability since the late Tang Dynasty, a series of targeted measures were taken to strengthen autocratic centralization and maintain regime stability.

Strengthen central control over local governments

politics

The central government sent civilian officials to serve as local governors to know the state, and set up general magistrates and supervisors; Jiedushi gradually evolved into a virtual title

Emphasize literature over martial arts

economy

Establish a Department of Transportation to comprehensively manage local finances and ensure that most of the tax revenue from each state is handed over to the court.

military

Incorporate local elite troops into the Forbidden Army to defend the capital and guard local areas respectively, and replace them regularly

Strong trunk and weak limb

Effect: The measures effectively prevented factors of internal unrest, consolidated the country's unity and stability, and strengthened autocratic centralization.

Disadvantages: "Things must be prevented and things must be controlled." The system is too restrictive and the division of power is too detailed, which also affects administrative efficiency and promotes a conservative and sluggish political atmosphere.

Political and Military PPT of the Two Song Dynasties, Part 2: Frontier Pressure

1. After the unification of the Northern Song Dynasty, two Northern Expeditions were launched to recapture the sixteen states of Yanyun, but both failed miserably.

2. Later, the Liao army moved south in a large scale and forced the Northern Song Dynasty to sign an agreement to maintain the existing borders. The emperors of the Liao and Song Dynasties treated each other as brothers. The Northern Song Dynasty gave Liao a sum of money and goods every year, called "Sui coins".

3. Through this agreement, the Northern Song Dynasty barely obtained the stability of the northern border defense.

The Northern Song Dynasty also had wars with the Xixia newly established by the Dangxiang tribe in the northwest, and suffered repeated defeats. The two sides finally reached a peace agreement: Xixia retained the title of emperor and at the same time declared itself a vassal to the Northern Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty gave Xixia money and gifts every year, which was called "Suizi".

Political and Military PPT of the Two Song Dynasties, Part Three: Wang Anshi’s Reform

The most famous reform in the Northern Song Dynasty was Wang Anshi's Reform. The original intention of Wang Anshi's Reform was to increase government fiscal revenue and use this as a starting point to design policies. Wang Anshi tried to convince Song Shenzong that reforms could not only make people rich but also increase fiscal revenue. However, the results of the reform disrupted the private economy and were resisted by almost the entire society. In order to implement reforms, Wang Anshi had to support his own power, so that the court struggle in the Song Dynasty got out of control.

How to make a country rich

green seedling method

Content: During the lean years in February and May each year, the government would provide loans and grain loans to farmers. The interest would be two cents or three cents every six months, which would be returned with the summer and autumn taxes respectively.

Function: Greatly increased government revenue; restricted the exploitation of farmers by loan sharks, and eased class conflicts to a certain extent.

Limitations: Farmers are forced to borrow money; interest rates are high and farmers still have a heavy burden.

Recruitment Law (also known as Service Exemption Law)

Content: The original requirement of serving in the service on a household-by-household basis was changed to the one borne by government employees. Households who did not want to serve in the service were required to pay a certain amount of money based on their rich and poor levels, which was called free money. Bureaucratic landlords are no exception.

Function: Farmers are freed from labor, ensuring working hours, promoting production development; increasing government fiscal revenue.

Limitations: It is a heavy burden on the poor.

Square field equalization tax law

Content: Order to clear land across the country, verify land owners, and classify land into five grades according to soil quality as the basis for expropriating land taxes.

Function: Clearing up a large amount of hidden land increased government revenue; some farmers were exempted from taxes and received benefits.

Political and military PPT of the two Song Dynasties, part 4: A corner of peace

In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, the quality of the Song army improved significantly in its confrontation with the Jin army, and several more combat-effective troops were formed. In particular, the Yue Family Army commanded by Yue Fei had an outstanding record. However, Song Gaozong and Prime Minister Qin Hui adhered to the national policy of advocating culture and suppressing military power. They regarded Yue Fei and other military generals with military power as a nuisance, and took the initiative to seek peace from the Jin Dynasty. In 1141, the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty concluded the Shaoxing Peace Treaty. Starting from the Huai River in the east and ending at Dashanguan in the west, the Southern Song Dynasty professed vassalage to the Jin Dynasty and paid a sum of money to the Jin Dynasty every year, called "Sui Gong".

Keywords: free download of the PPT courseware of the first volume of the unified version of the Chinese and Foreign History Outline, the political and military PPT download of the two Song Dynasties, the coexistence of the multi-ethnic regimes of the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties and the unification of the Yuan Dynasty PPT download, .PPT format;

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Update Time: 2024-10-18

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