"The Ming and Qing Dynasties" Political changes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country PPT courseware 3

"The Ming and Qing Dynasties" Political changes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country PPT courseware 3

Import new lesson

Jurchen traceability:

Su Shen - Black Water - Jurchen - Manchuria

(Shang and Zhou Dynasties - Sui and Tang Dynasties - Northern Song Dynasty - Ming and Qing Dynasties)

The historical changes of the Jurchen tribe

1. The Jurchen tribe was called the �� tribe (Heishui, Sumo) in the Tang Dynasty, and was called the Jurchen tribe in the Song and Liao Dynasties.

2. In 1125 and 1127, the Jurchens headed by Wanyanbu established the Jin Dynasty under the leadership of Aguda, which destroyed the Liao and Northern Song Dynasties respectively.

3. In 1234, Mongolia destroyed the Jin Dynasty. The Jurchens who settled in the Yellow River Basin merged with the Han people and were regarded as "Han people" in the Yuan Dynasty.

4. In the early Ming Dynasty, the Northeastern Jurchens returned to Nurgandu. In the late Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci unified the various tribes.

learning target

1. Understand that political corruption in the late Ming Dynasty was the main reason for the demise of the Ming Dynasty.

2. Understand the overview and role of Li Zicheng’s uprising.

3. Master the establishment of the Qing Dynasty.

Research point: Social crisis in the late Ming Dynasty

In the early days of his reign, Emperor Jiajing was wise and strict, controlled officials with strictness, and governed the people with leniency. He rectified the government's policies, reduced taxes and servitude, fought against Japanese pirates externally, revitalized national affairs, and created the Jiajing Zhongxing situation. In the later period, he became superstitious about the heresies of a few Taoist priests, kept in good health and cultivated Taoism. He did not return to the palace for more than 20 years and ignored the government. Yan Song, the chief minister who was corrupt and perverted the law, reigned in chaos for 20 years, resulting in constant Mongolian invasion in the north. Knowledgeable officials could not do anything for it. The country did its best and was even massacred. In addition, a large number of palaces and temples were built both inside and outside the palace, which increased the burden on the people and made the country's financial crisis worse.

In the first ten years of Emperor Wanli's reign, Zhang Juzheng, the chief minister of the cabinet, presided over government affairs and implemented a series of reform measures. The social economy has developed greatly and people's living standards have also improved. After taking office, he worked hard to govern, lived frugally, and had the demeanor of a diligent and wise king. During this period, he presided over the famous "Three Major Wanli Expeditions" and consolidated the territory of the Ming Dynasty. In the later period of his reign, he was busy with political affairs. He was tired of government affairs because there was no one like Zhang Juzheng to supervise him, and the dispute over the country (the choice of the prince) and other issues made him tired of government affairs. He has not been in court since then, and the country's operation has almost come to a standstill. The forced mining tax was also imposed during his reign. It was called a major criticism and caused the Ming Dynasty to gradually decline.

Research point: Peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty

In March of the seventh year of the Apocalypse (1627), there was a severe drought in Shaanxi. Zhang Douyao, the county magistrate of Chengcheng, regardless of the life and death of the hungry people, still pressed for taxes and exploited the farmers. Wang Er, a hungry citizen of Baishui, gathered hundreds of peasants who could not survive to fight. He asked everyone: "Who dares to kill the county magistrate?" Everyone said in unison: "I dare to kill." So Wang Er led the hungry people to rush into the county seat and killed Zhang Douyao opened the prelude to the peasant war in the late Ming Dynasty.

"Equalizing land without paying taxes"——Li Zicheng

"Kill the cattle and sheep, prepare wine, and open the city gate to welcome King Chuang. When King Chuang comes, he will not pay for the food." - a song sung by the people

The rebel army quickly grew to more than 1 million people and successively captured various parts of the Central Plains.

Research point: The rise of Manchuria and the entry of Qing troops into the country

Aixinjueluo Nurhaci, the founder of the Qing Dynasty, was fluent in Manchu and Chinese and loved reading "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". At the age of twenty-five, he raised troops to unify the Jurchen tribes and pacify the eastern part of Guanxi, China. In the forty-fourth year of Wanli, Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty established the Later Jin Dynasty, separatized Liaodong, and established the Later Jin Dynasty. After the Battle of Saarhu, the capital was moved to Shenyang. Afterwards, they swept across Liaodong and captured more than 70 Ming Dynasty cities in Liaodong.

After Nurhaci's death, Huang Taiji was elected to succeed the Khan. In 1636 AD, Huang Taiji changed the name of the Jurchen tribe to Manchuria, proclaimed himself emperor in Shenyang, and founded the country as the Qing Dynasty.

Huang Taiji reigned for 17 years. During his reign, he developed production, strengthened his military strength, and continuously fought against the Ming Dynasty, laying a solid foundation for the Qing Dynasty to rapidly expand into the Central Plains in the next stage.

After Li Zicheng captured Beijing, Shanhaiguan guard Wu Sangui surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. In 1644, Qing troops entered the Pass, defeated Li Zicheng and occupied Beijing. At the end of the same year, the Qing Dynasty officially established its capital in Beijing. Later, it successively suppressed anti-Qing struggles in various places and established its rule over the country.

In-class training

1. After the establishment of Nurhachi, Jin was in ( )

A. 1115 B. 1206

C. 1616 D. 1636

2. The one who changed Jin to Qing and Jurchen to Manchu was ( )

A. Nurhaci B. Huang Taiji

C. Yelu Abaoji D. Temujin

3. The following events occurred in 1644 ( )

①The Ming Dynasty fell ②The Qing army entered the pass ③Li Zicheng established the regime ④Huang Taiji changed the Jin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty

A. ①②③ B. ①③④

C. ①②④ D． ①②③④

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