"The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire" Entering Modern Times PPT Courseware 9

"The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire" Entering Modern Times PPT Courseware 9

1. The outbreak of the Great Revolution

reason:

Internal factors: sharp class contradictions and strict feudal hierarchy; the feudal autocracy hinders the development of capitalism.

External factors: The impact of the American Revolutionary War on the French Revolution

The trigger: the three-level meeting was held

The French Revolution

There was the first estate, which was dominated by clergy, the second estate, which was represented by the nobility, and the third estate, which was dominated by the bourgeoisie, craftsmen, urban poor, and peasants. The first and second estates oppressed and exploited the third estate.

The Bastille is not an ordinary prison, it is specially used to hold political prisoners. It is a place where the ruling class imprisons the ruled class in order to maintain their rule. The Bastille is a symbol of French feudal power. When people open fire on it, it means going to war against traditional feudal forces. The storming of the Bastille was the beginning of the Great Revolution.

The Jacobins take power: 1793-1794

Content: Organize patriotic forces, severely crack down on counter-revolutionary forces at home and abroad, restrict bourgeois speculation, set a maximum price limit, confiscate the land of fugitive nobles, distribute it or sell it to farmers at low prices, and unconditionally abolish all feudal obligations.

Evaluation: The Jacobins' extraordinary measures achieved great results and temporarily stabilized the regime. When the revolutionary situation was basically stable, Robespierre still insisted on continuing the policy of terror. In the end, the Jacobin rule was overthrown, but this only represented the passing of the climax of the French bourgeois revolution, rather than the defeat of the bourgeoisie.

The significance of the French Revolution

It ended more than a thousand years of feudal rule in France and established the capitalist system.

Spread the progressive ideas of bourgeois liberal democracy.

It shocked the feudal system throughout Europe and dealt a heavy blow. His thoroughness set an example for revolutions in various countries.

Comparing the similarities and differences of early bourgeois revolutions in Britain, France and the United States

Similarities: (1) The reasons are the same: the reason why revolutions broke out in the three countries was because the development of capitalism was hindered, and the bourgeoisie launched revolutions in order to seize power and develop capitalism.

(2) The leading class is the same: the revolutions in the three countries were all led by the bourgeoisie.

(3) The driving force of the revolution is the same: the masses of the people played a driving role in the revolution.

(4) The results are the same: the bourgeoisie of the three countries all achieved victory, took control of political power, and promoted the development of capitalism. All issued programmatic documents.

Differences: (1) The reasons are not exactly the same: the British Revolution was to overthrow the autocratic rule of the Stuart dynasty; the American Revolution was to overthrow the British colonial rule; the French Revolution was to overthrow the Bourbon dynasty.

(2) The leading classes are not exactly the same: in addition to the bourgeoisie leading the revolution, Britain also has a new aristocracy, the United States also has a plantation slave-owning class, and France also has liberal aristocrats participating in the leadership of the bourgeois revolution.

(3) Different characteristics: Britain established a constitutional monarchy system in which the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy jointly governed; the American War of Independence was both a bourgeois revolution and a war of national liberation; the French Revolution was the largest, most thorough, and most revolutionary war in the era of bourgeois revolutions. The most typical bourgeois revolution.

(4) Different meanings: The British Revolution opened the prelude to the bourgeois revolution in Europe and the United States, ushered in an era of bourgeois revolution, and was the beginning of modern world history; the American Revolutionary War destroyed the British colonial shackles and won national independence; France The revolution swept away the feudal forces in the country and shook the foundation of the feudal system in other European countries.

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