"The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire" Entering Modern Times PPT Courseware 2

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"The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire" Entering Modern Times PPT Courseware 2

1. The outbreak of the Great Revolution

(1) Reason:

Economy: Capitalist industrial and commercial development (economic foundation)

Fundamental: The feudal autocracy of the Bourbon dynasty hindered the development of capitalism

Thought: The Enlightenment Movement prepared thoughts and public opinions (ideological mobilization)

Finance: Intensification of financial crisis, on the verge of bankruptcy

Society: Sharp class antagonisms before the revolution

External factors: The impact of the American Revolutionary War and the British Industrial Revolution (International)

The beginning of the revolution

Process Trigger: The convening of the Level 3 Conference

Phase One: Storming the Bastille

(Start) Adoption of the Declaration of Human Rights

Phase Two: Establishing a Republic

(Development) Execution of the King

Phase Three: Popular Uprising in Paris

(Climax) The Jacobins take power

2. Process

(1) The trigger: the convening of the three-level meeting

Why did France convene the Estates-General at that time?

Summary: There was a serious financial crisis in France at that time. The king convened the meeting of the three estates mainly to raise money, especially to get the bourgeoisie in the third estate to pay. But the bourgeoisie refused to pay and demanded to limit the king's power. The king decided to use force to suppress the third estate. The convening of the three estates meeting became the fuse of the revolution.

Trigger: The Three Estates Conference was held. The King: Increase taxes on the third estate to solve financial problems

The third level: formulating a constitution, limiting royal power, and implementing reforms.

What ideas are promoted?

Article 1 Men are and always will be free and equal in rights. It is only in public use that social differences become apparent.

natural rights

Everyone is equal before the law

Private property is sacrosanct

Article 17 Property is a sacred and inviolable right, and no one may be deprived of his property except when it is manifestly necessary for a legitimately recognized public need and on condition of just and prior compensation.

The nature of the "Declaration of Human Rights": the anti-feudal revolutionary program of the bourgeoisie.

evaluate:

a Progressiveness: Promote freedom, equality, and oppose feudal hierarchy

b Limitations: It protects the interests of the bourgeoisie

Taking the American Declaration of Independence as a model, it was obviously influenced by Enlightenment thinkers. It should be analyzed from the perspective of progress and class.

3. Jacobin dictatorship (representing the interests of the petty and medium-sized bourgeoisie)

①Background: International: Anti-French Alliance invades France

Domestic: The domestic situation is turbulent

②Measures:

Issue a comprehensive price limit decree to solve farmers’ land problems

Suppress counterrevolution and win foreign wars

③Evaluation:

A. Solved the farmers’ land problem and gained support from farmers.

B. The policy of terror overcame economic chaos, quelled political rebellion, and saved the republic. But the impact was too large.

The historical significance of the French Revolution (Textbook page 79)

1. Destroyed the feudal rule of France,

2. Spread the progressive ideas of bourgeois freedom and democracy,

3. It has a great influence on the development of world history.

Nature: bourgeois revolution

Characteristics: Large scale, thorough revolution (compared with Britain and the United States).

4. Napoleon’s Empire (1804--1815)

1. Background (1) The rule of the Thermidorians and the Directory

(2) The Brumaire Coup----1799, 11

2. Symbol: Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor----1804

3. Domestic policy: The First French Empire was not a feudal monarchy but a bourgeois monarchy. Napoleon was not a feudal emperor but a bourgeois emperor. Everything he did was for the bourgeoisie.

How do you evaluate the foreign wars fought during the Napoleonic period?

The war created the glory of France, and the war ruined the French empire.

Early stage: The early stage is to defend and expand the achievements of the French Revolution. It is a war of national liberation with a just nature.

Later stage: It turns into a military aggressive war. It was a war of aggression, expansion, struggle for hegemony and enslavement of the European people.

It has the positive element of defending the achievements of the Great Revolution and combating European feudal rule and spreading capitalism; it also has the negative element of invading and striving for hegemony.

Reasons for the fall of Napoleon's empire

(1) Due to the awakening of the national consciousness of the European people and the long years of war, the internal conflicts in France have intensified.

(2) Because Napoleon's ambition turned into ambition, he had unlimited desire for power and honor.

The fundamental reason: At that time, the feudal power on the European continent was far greater than the bourgeois power.

How to evaluate Napoleon?

Some say he is a shrewd politician; some say he is a hero who changed the history of Europe; some say he is a war culprit and a tyrant; some say that his establishment of an empire is a step backwards in history... ···Do these statements make sense? What do you think?

How to evaluate historical figures

Put it into a specific historical environment and evaluate it (the times create heroes).

Evaluate based on the life activities of historical figures.

It depends on the mainstream and leading aspects, and cannot be generalized.

The French "Declaration of Human Rights" reads: "People are born free and equal in rights; private property is sacred and inviolable. Law is an expression of public will, and all citizens have the right to participate in the formulation of laws."

Think about it: After the British bourgeois revolution, what documents did Parliament issue in order to limit the power of the king? What is the significance of the release of this document?

"Bill of Rights" Britain established the bourgeois dictatorship of the constitutional monarchy

What are the similarities in content between the British Bill of Rights and the French Declaration of Human Rights?

safeguard the interests of the bourgeoisie

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"The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire" PPT teaching courseware Part One: The Crisis of the Old System The reasons for the outbreak of the Revolution. Beginning in the 18th century, the French feudal system entered a period of decadence and decline, which was the period of the old system. During this period France was a monarchy...

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