"The French Revolution" Great Social Changes in Major European and American Countries PPT Courseware 3

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"The French Revolution" Great Social Changes in Major European and American Countries PPT Courseware 3

1. Reasons

1. Economy: Capitalism has developed greatly

2. Politics: The Bourbon dynasty implemented autocratic rule

economic and political contradictions

The contradiction between productivity and production relations

3. Thought: The Enlightenment inspired the third-level resistance consciousness.

4. Direct: The three-level meeting is held

Louis XVI wanted to solve the financial crisis

The Estates-General was renamed the Constitutional Convention

The king prepares to suppress

5. The driving role of the American Revolutionary War

2. After

1. The storming of the Bastille and the Declaration of the Rights of Man - Phase 1 (beginning)

(1) Time: July 14, 1789 (National Day)

(2) Those in power: the Constituent Assembly (big bourgeoisie and liberal aristocrats)

(3) Revolutionary measures

A The storming of the Bastille

B Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 1789

C 1791 Constitution

(4) Faced with crisis, the Prussian-Austrian coalition invaded Paris in 1792

Declaration of Human Rights

(1) Content: human rights, democracy, rule of law, private ownership

(2) Significance: It reminds the principles of natural human rights, freedom, equality and private ownership, negates the feudal hierarchy, embodies the requirement to destroy the feudal autocratic monarchy, and becomes the ideological weapon for the bourgeoisie to seize and consolidate power. It is known as "the death certificate of the old system and the birth certificate of the new system."

(3) It has a profound impact on China

The following materials are part of the French Constitution of 1791: (1992 National College Entrance Examination)

Material 1: In terms of rights, people are born and always are free and equal.

Material 2: Legislative power is entrusted to the National Assembly... which is freely elected by the people. Executive power was entrusted to the king. The judicial power is entrusted to judges duly elected by the people.

Material 3: The Constitution stipulates that the right to vote for representatives of the National Assembly is only given to "active citizens". Part of the requirements for becoming an "active citizen" is to have a residence in the city or district for a certain period of time designated by law. At least three working days' worth of direct taxes have been paid anywhere in the kingdom. Not in the position of a slave, that is, not in the position of hired servitude. answer:

①Which book does the political viewpoint reflected in Material 2 originate from? ②What are the contradictions in these constitutional provisions quoted in the materials? ③Based on the historical conditions at that time, how should these provisions of the Constitution be evaluated?

① "The Spirit of Discourse on Law".

② Material 1 declares that people are free and equal in rights, while the provisions in Material 3 restrict citizens’ right to vote based on their living conditions, tax payment and social status.

③ In principle, it proposes freedom and equality of rights and implements the separation of three powers in state power. From the perspective of opposing the privileges of feudal aristocrats and the autocratic system, it is of progressive significance. However, using various conditions to restrict citizens' right to vote reflects the substitution of property inequality for inequality based on different origins, and exposes the hypocrisy of the bourgeois slogan of freedom and equality.

How to evaluate terror policies

1. The "policy of terror" was a measure the Jacobins were forced to take when internal and external troubles were unprecedentedly serious. It is a "wartime system", and its positive effect is that it temporarily sacrifices certain interests of the bourgeoisie to meet certain demands of the masses, and "plays a positive role in saving the republic and saving the revolution." It deserves a lot of credit. without.

2. The "terrorist policy" has negative effects on the economy. Price-limiting laws have caused dissatisfaction among businessmen; restrictions on workers' wages have caused resentment among workers. This shows that economic problems must be solved using economic methods. Administrative means can only play a supporting role, and the Jacobins cannot solve economic problems by using single administrative means.

3. The "terror policy" also has negative effects on politics. The suppression of counterrevolutionaries has gone too far and expanded; it violates the rule of law.

4. After the crisis, Robespierre, the man in power, did not end the "terror policy" as soon as possible, but also wanted to eliminate dissidents and maintain power. This goes against the trend of historical development. It became the fundamental reason why the Jacobins lost popular support, internal division, and eventual collapse.

1. The French Constitution of 1791 stipulates that Louis XVI is called the "first civil servant of the country" and must swear allegiance to the country and the law. This indicates

A. The French people overthrew the monarchy and established a republic

B. The constitution embodies Hobbes’s ideas

C. The king’s power is restricted by the Estates-General.

D. The power of the French king was limited

2. Among the following Western legal documents, the earliest one that clearly contains the clause on the sanctity of private property is

A. British Bill of Rights B. Napoleonic Code

C. French Declaration of the Rights of Man D. United States Constitution of 1787

3. The French constitution has been revised frequently, but many French constitutions have the Declaration of Human Rights as their preamble. This is because it

A. Announced the abolition of the monarchy B. Determined the political system of France

C. Declared a series of principles on human rights, citizenship and the rule of law

D. Fully clarified the principle of separation of powers.

4. The most important significance of the French Declaration of Human Rights is that

A. Marks the beginning of the French Revolution

B. Provided a blueprint for the birth of the U.S. Constitution in 1787

C. Reflects the demand for opposition to the autocratic monarchy and negates the feudal hierarchy

D. Become a legal norm in capitalist society

Estates-General

It was a meeting of representatives of the estates in France during the Middle Ages, beginning around the fourteenth century. Not a legislative body, but a consultative body. The so-called "three estates" refer to the participants of the meeting, the clergy, the nobility and the third estate. The third estate includes workers, farmers, urban civilians and the bourgeoisie. The privileged class occupies 1/3 of the land and does not pay taxes. Each of the three estates had one vote, leaving the third estate at a severe disadvantage. Farmers, who account for 90% of the country's population, bear heavy land rents and other tributes and struggle to survive. Workers, farmers, and urban civilians demand changes to the status quo. The bourgeoisie demands a share of political power.

After the Constituent Assembly was convened in 1789, the representatives of the third estate advocated that all estates meet together and vote by number, thus effectively depriving the first and second estates of control of the meeting; the king and the privileged estate were unwilling to give in. In this way, the contradiction between the third estate and the king became increasingly acute, which finally triggered the French Revolution.

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Update Time: 2024-10-20

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