"The Dawn of the Capitalist Era" Entering Modern Times PPT Courseware 6

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"The Dawn of the Capitalist Era" Entering Modern Times PPT Courseware 6

The modern history of the world is the history of the emergence, development and gradual maturity of capitalism.

Starting point: Renaissance and the opening of new shipping routes (14th-16th centuries)

The End: World War I (1917)

1. Renaissance (the discovery of man)

1. Historical background of the Renaissance

1. The germ of capitalism first appeared in Italy;

2. Italy retains more of the classical culture of Greece and Rome.

Definition: By promoting ancient Greek and Roman culture, the emerging bourgeoisie opposed the obsolete doctrines of the church and launched a new cultural movement that promoted the emancipation of people's minds.

Essence: an ideological and cultural movement of a bourgeois nature

3. The core trend of thought of the Renaissance—humanism

Meaning: People-centered rather than God-centered; advocates the development of human personality and pursues people's happiness in real life.

Status: Guiding ideology of the Renaissance (core trend of thought)

evaluate:

① Humanism is the ideological weapon of the bourgeoisie against feudalism and the church. It is the guiding ideology of the Renaissance and has a distinct revolutionary and progressive nature;

②Humanism emphasizes individual will, and its material basis is private ownership, which has certain limitations.

Why did the Renaissance oppose the theology of the feudal church by promoting ancient Greek and Roman culture?

(1) At that time, feudal theology was dominant and the church was so powerful that other ideas and doctrines were not allowed to spread.

(2) The emerging bourgeoisie is weak and unable to directly conflict with theology, so it uses the name of the revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture to oppose feudal theology and promote bourgeois ideology and culture.

How do Renaissance works reflect humanist ideas?

(1) "The Divine Comedy" clearly expresses Dante's disgust for the Catholic Church, takes the lead in criticizing the church, praises free reason, personal emotions and the spirit of seeking knowledge, and fully embodies humanistic ideas.

(2) Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" is based on real people in real life. The colors of the picture are bright and the characters are full of personality, which fully embodies human-centered humanism.

(3) Shakespeare's works criticize feudal moral and ethical concepts and bad social habits, eulogize human emotions and wisdom, and embody the spirit of humanism.

2. The opening of new routes (the world is discovered)

1. Reasons for the opening of new routes

1. Ideological basis: The Renaissance movement liberated people's minds.

2. Social roots: "The Travels of Marco Polo" describes the East as a place full of gold, which aroused Europeans' yearning for the East.

3. Religious factors: spread of Catholicism.

4. Direct cause (commercial crisis): The newly rising Ottoman Turkey controlled trade routes and hindered east-west trade.

5. Fundamental reasons (economic roots): The development of the European commodity economy and the emergence of the buds of the capitalist economy urgently require the expansion of foreign markets.

positive influence:

1. After the opening of new shipping routes, transportation from Europe to Asia, America, Africa and other places became increasingly close, and the world began to connect as a whole;

2. The prosperity of the industrial and commercial economy along the Atlantic coast of Europe promoted the emergence and development of capitalism;

negative impacts:

3. Starting from Portugal and Spain, European countries began the era of colonial expansion. They plundered a large amount of colonial wealth, causing poverty and backwardness in Asia, Africa and Latin America;

Comparison between Zheng He's voyages to the West and the opening of new sea routes

(1) The purpose and nature are different:

Zheng He's voyages to the West were to promote the country's prestige, strengthen ties with overseas countries, and satisfy the ruling class's demand for exotic treasures. It was a political act under the feudal system and a tribute trade regardless of economic benefits;

Europeans opened up new sea routes in order to seek wealth, expand markets, and establish colonies, which has the nature of capitalist overseas colonization.

(2) Method:

The opening of new sea routes was a way of colonial plunder, while Zheng He's voyages to the West were a way of peaceful exchanges.

(3) Historical influence:

① Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Seas are a feat in the history of world navigation. Zheng He is a great navigator in the history of our country and the world; ② Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Seas promoted economic exchanges between China and Asian and African countries, and strengthened my country’s friendship with Asian and African countries. Intercourse.

Positive impacts: ① After the opening of new shipping routes, transportation from Europe to Asia, America, Africa and other places became increasingly close, and the world began to connect as a whole; ② The industrial and commercial economy along the Atlantic coast of Europe prospered, promoting the emergence and development of capitalism; Negative impacts: ③ Starting from Portugal and Spain, European countries began the era of colonial expansion. They plundered a large amount of colonial wealth, causing poverty and backwardness in Asia, Africa and Latin America;

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Update Time: 2024-09-09

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