"Strengthening of the Qing Dynasty's Autocratic Monarchy" PPT

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"Strengthening of the Qing Dynasty's Autocratic Monarchy" PPT

Part One: Establishment of the Military Aircraft Department

1. Meeting of kings and ministers to discuss government affairs

In the early Qing Dynasty, there was still a meeting of kings and ministers composed of Manchu nobles to discuss political affairs. All major military and state affairs must be discussed at a meeting of the king and ministers, and once a decision is made, not even the emperor can change it. By the time of Kangxi, in order to curb some of the power of the Manchu nobles and strengthen the autocratic monarchy, the South Study Room was established to directly draft edicts and process memorials for the emperor, thereby bypassing the meeting of kings and ministers to discuss political affairs.

2. Establishment of the Military Aircraft Department

During the Yongzheng period, the imperial court temporarily set up a military machine room to handle northwest military affairs. It was soon renamed the Military Machinery Department and became a permanent organization composed of trusted ministers selected by the emperor. The Military Aircraft Department is the most important central agency that assists the emperor in handling government affairs. Major military and political matters are entirely decided by the emperor. The military aircraft minister drafts a document in accordance with the emperor's will, and after the emperor's review and approval, it is transmitted to the central ministries and local agencies for execution.

3. The role of the Military Aircraft Department

After the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department, the meeting of kings and ministers to discuss government affairs existed in name only, and was simply abolished during the Qianlong period. The special institution of the Military Aircraft Department facilitated the emperor to arbitrate the government affairs and gave the emperor supreme authority. Everything must be subject to the emperor's will, thus further strengthening the monarchy.

PPT on the strengthening of the monarchy in the Qing Dynasty, part 2: literary inquisition and cultural autocracy policy

1.The meaning of literal prison

The rulers of the Qing Dynasty paid great attention to strictly controlling intellectuals from the ideological field. During the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties, they often excerpted phrases and phrases from intellectuals' articles and poems, distorted them, interpreted them, and used them to inflate accusations, creating a large number of unjust prison sentences. Many people were executed for this, and even their relatives, teachers and friends were persecuted. People call this practice "literary prison."

2. The dangers of literal inquisition

The scale and frequency of literary prisons in the Qing Dynasty far exceeded that of previous generations. Literary inquisition caused social terror and destroyed talents. From then on, intellectuals no longer dared to interfere with politics or express their personal thoughts. They even had to be careful when choosing words and sentences to avoid being killed. The implementation of literary inquisition has imprisoned people's thoughts and speeches and seriously hindered the development and progress of thought and scholarship.

3. Cultural autocracy policy

In order to maintain centralized rule, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty implemented autocratic policies in culture. On the one hand, it vigorously promoted respect for Confucius and read scriptures, and organized manpower to carry out large-scale activities of sorting out documents and compiling books; on the other hand, it conducted a comprehensive inspection of books across the country, and listed books that were considered detrimental to the rule of the Qing Dynasty as banned books, confiscated them and destroyed them . During the Qianlong period alone, the campaign of banning and destroying books lasted for nearly 20 years, and many precious books were banned and destroyed.

The strengthening of the monarchy in the Qing Dynasty PPT, the third part: the intensifying social conflicts

1. Official corruption

Under the autocratic monarchy of the Qing Dynasty, in order to seek promotion or protect themselves, officials tried every means to make use of various relationships in the officialdom, bribe their superiors, and form cliques for private gain. After Qianlong, corruption became more prevalent, and the Qing Dynasty's bureaucracy showed an increasingly corrupt trend in its overall structure. For their own benefit, officials at all levels tried their best to line their own pockets, deceiving the court at the top and extorting the people at the bottom.

Emperor Qianlong's most trusted minister, He Xin, had been in power for more than 20 years and used all means to amass wealth. After Emperor Jiaqing succeeded to the throne, he was sentenced to death and his family property was confiscated. According to incomplete statistics, more than 33,500 taels of gold, more than 3 million taels of silver, 75 pawn shops, 42 bank accounts, a large number of properties and real estate, precious clothing, jewelry, antiques, foreign goods, etc. were confiscated. The valuation of 26 of the 109 inspection lists was worth 220 million taels of silver. At that time, the annual income of the treasury was only more than 40 million taels, so there was a saying at that time that "when peace falls, Jiaqing is full."

2. Military corruption

Corruption in official circles also spread in the military. The Eight Banners soldiers have been without war for a long time, and the martial spirit of the past is gone. Military style and discipline are increasingly corrupted, and corruption of military pay by generals is very common. The military has been pampered for a long time and its armaments are in disrepair. When the soldiers were inspected on horseback and archery, "the arrows they shot were missed and the gallopers fell to the ground." The children of the Eight Banners were even more incompetent, indolent and indolent. They were either addicted to drinking and gambling, or raising birds and fighting cocks. They were very decadent.

3. Fiscal Crisis

The bureaucracy of the Qing Dynasty was bloated, but during the Kangxi and Qianlong periods, social and economic development, fiscal revenue continued to increase, and the national treasury was full, and it could still withstand huge operating costs. In the late Qianlong period, because the emperor was so happy with his achievements and spent excessively, the financial waste was very serious. In particular, corruption and the withholding of taxes by officials at all levels have greatly affected the country's fiscal revenue. After Jiaqing, the imperial court's fiscal revenue decreased day by day, while its expenditures continued to increase, resulting in a fiscal crisis. Political corruption leads to economic recession and makes the country increasingly weak.

4.Social crisis

After the mid-Qing Dynasty, population growth caused a shortage of land, but land was concentrated in the hands of a few people. Big bureaucrats, big landowners and big businessmen used all means to annex land. Peasants who lost their land went bankrupt and became tenants and employees of the landlords, paying high rents to the landlords. Many farmers became refugees and made a living by begging. The polarization between rich and poor in society is very serious, the lives of the general public are becoming increasingly difficult, and social crises are numerous.

PPT on the strengthening of the monarchy in the Qing Dynasty, part 4: the policy of seclusion

1. Reasons for "closing the country"

The rulers of the Qing Dynasty believed that China was rich in products and had everything, and there was no need for economic exchanges with foreign countries. At that time, Western colonists were expanding their influence to the East. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty were worried that the country's territorial sovereignty would be infringed upon, and they were also afraid that interactions between coastal people and foreigners would endanger their rule, so they implemented a "closed-door" policy and strictly restricted foreign trade.

2. Performance of the closed-door policy

During the Shunzhi period, the "Sea Ban Order" was promulgated to severely restrict maritime trade; residents along the coast from Shandong to Guangdong were forced to move dozens of miles inland, and merchant ships and fishing boats were not allowed to sail out to sea. After the Qing Dynasty established the administrative system in Taiwan, it opened Ningbo, Zhangzhou and other places as foreign trade ports, and imposed strict restrictions on the types of exported goods and the load capacity of ships going to sea.

Later, British merchant ships visited Ningbo several times for trade, trying to establish a long-term commercial base there. The Qing government was deeply suspicious. In 1757, it ordered the closure of other ports and opened only Guangzhou as a foreign trade port. It also stipulated that the "Guangzhou Thirteen Banks" chartered by the imperial court would be responsible for the unified management of foreign trade and be responsible for underwriting the imported goods of foreign merchants and acting on behalf of foreign merchants. Acquire Chinese export goods and manage foreign merchants.

3. The impact of the isolation policy

The Qing Dynasty's policy of seclusion lasted for nearly two hundred years and played a certain role in self-defense against the aggressive activities of Western colonists. However, at that time, Western countries were carrying out the bourgeois revolution and the industrial revolution successively, and entered a period of rapid development of productive forces. However, the Qing government was still stagnant and closed-door to itself, which led to the isolation of the country and made China miss the direction. The West has no opportunity to learn advanced scientific knowledge and production technology, and China has gradually fallen behind the development process of world history.

Strengthening PPT of the Qing Dynasty’s monarchy, part five: after-school activities

1. During the reigns of Yongzheng and Qianlong, some officials and literati were imprisoned for writing poems. The following are excerpts from some poems that were considered "treasonous and unethical" by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty:

"Qingfeng is illiterate, so why is he flipping through the book randomly?"

"The half moon sets in the west at night, and it should shine on my house in Chang'an."

"The bright moon still cares about me, but the gentle breeze has no intention of leaving anyone alone."

"I'll see you again tomorrow. Put the pot aside."

"Jianjiajiānjiānjiānjiān jiān jiān wants to show off the white dew of Huaqing, and the mourning in the dream turns bright."

Think about it, why would you be sent to prison for writing such a poem? What consequences does literary inquisition have on thought and culture?

2. During the Qing Dynasty, there was a folk saying that "three years of clearing the prefecture, and one hundred thousand snowflakes and silver" were circulated in society. Tell me, what does this folk song mean? What social conditions does it reflect?

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"Strengthening of the Qing Dynasty's Autocratic Monarchy" PPT download:

"Strengthening of the Monarchy of the Qing Dynasty" PPT Download Part One Content: [Knowledge Management] Knowledge Point 1 Establishment of the Military Aircraft Department: During the Yongzheng period, the imperial court temporarily set up a military machine room to handle military affairs in the northwest. It was soon renamed the Military Machinery Department to assist the emperor in handling government affairs. most important..

"Strengthening of the Qing Dynasty's Autocratic Monarchy" PPT courseware:

"Strengthening of the Autocratic Monarchy in the Qing Dynasty" PPT courseware Part One: Learning Objectives 1. Understand the basic historical facts of the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department in the Qing Dynasty. 2. Understand the basic knowledge of the Qing Dynasty’s policy of literary inquisition and cultural autocracy and its serious consequences. 3. Understand the Qing Dynasty’s isolation from the country..

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Update Time: 2024-09-14

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