"Several Common Acids and Bases" Initial Acids, Bases and Salts PPT Courseware 3

"Several Common Acids and Bases" Initial Acids, Bases and Salts PPT Courseware 3

1. Several common acids:

1. Physical properties of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid

[Review questions]

1. What are acids and bases?

2. What are the composition characteristics of acids and bases?

Observe P11 Experiments 1, 2, and 3 and complete the following questions

Note: Because concentrated sulfuric acid has strong water absorption, it is often used as a desiccant for all gases except ammonia (NH3).

2. Dilution of concentrated sulfuric acid.

Observe P11 Experiment 4 and master the technique of diluting concentrated sulfuric acid.

Never pour water into concentrated sulfuric acid.

When diluting concentrated sulfuric acid, be sure to slowly pour the concentrated sulfuric acid into the water along the wall of the vessel and stir continuously.

The density of water is small and it floats on top of concentrated sulfuric acid. The heat released during dissolution will cause the water to boil immediately, causing the sulfuric acid droplets to splash around, which is very dangerous.

3. Overview of uses and dangers of hydrochloric acid (HCl)

(1) Hydrometallurgy for rare metals

(2) Used in organic synthesis

(3) Used in bleaching and dyeing industry

For example, hydrochloric acid is used for pickling after bleaching cotton cloth and neutralizing residual alkali after mercerizing cotton cloth. During the printing and dyeing process, some dyes are insoluble in water and need to be treated with hydrochloric acid to form soluble hydrochlorides before they can be used.

(4) Used in metal processing. For example, for pre-plating treatment of steel parts, first wash with caustic soda solution to remove oil stains, and then soak with hydrochloric acid; before metal welding, a little hydrochloric acid needs to be applied to the welding joint, etc., all of which are used Hydrochloric acid has the property of dissolving metal oxides to remove rust. In this way, the metal surface can be plated and welded firmly.

2. Several common bases

1. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

(1) Physical properties of sodium hydroxide

①Sodium hydroxide is a white solid.

②Sodium hydroxide is easily soluble in water and releases a lot of heat when dissolved.

③ Common names: fire soda, caustic soda, caustic soda.

(2)Characteristics of sodium hydroxide

①Corrosiveness:

Sodium hydroxide is highly corrosive. If you accidentally get lye on your skin, rinse with more water and then apply boric acid solution.

②Water absorption:

Sodium hydroxide easily absorbs moisture when exposed to the air, causing the surface to become moist and gradually dissolve. This phenomenon is called deliquescence.

Remember me: Because sodium hydroxide has strong water absorption, it is often used as a desiccant for hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and other gases that cannot react with it. But it cannot be used to dry carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide gases.

(3) The role of sodium hydroxide

2. Calcium hydroxide[ Ca(OH)2]

What reagent is used to detect carbon dioxide?

Lime water is an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide.

Calcium hydroxide is commonly known as hydrated lime or hydrated lime. It can be obtained by the reaction of quicklime (CaO) and water:

CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2 A large amount of heat is released during the reaction.

Calcium hydroxide is also corrosive to skin, clothing, etc.

Sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide are alkalis. In addition to these two alkali, commonly used alkali include potassium hydroxide (KOH), ammonia water (NH3·H2O), etc.

Class exercises

1. Which of the following descriptions about sodium hydroxide is incorrect ( )

A. Easily soluble in water and releases a lot of heat when dissolved

B． Strongly corrosive to skin

C. Aqueous solution can turn litmus solution red

D． Can remove oil stains and can be used as a kitchen cleaner

2. If you accidentally get lye on your skin, rinse with more _______ and then apply _______ solution.

3. Sodium hydroxide is highly corrosive, so its common names are _________, __________, and _________.

When it is exposed to the air, it is easy to _______________, and the surface becomes moist and gradually ___________. This phenomenon is called ____________; therefore, sodium hydroxide can be used as a _______________ for certain gases.

4. Clarified lime water can turn the purple litmus solution into ________ and the colorless phenolphthalein solution into ________. The solute in clarified lime water is ________, commonly known as ________ or __________.

Write the chemical equation that tests carbon dioxide ____________________________.

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