"Scientific and technological achievements and the prosperity of popular literature and art" The development of economy and culture and China on the eve of modern times PPT courseware

"Scientific and technological achievements and the prosperity of popular literature and art" The development of economy and culture and China on the eve of modern times PPT courseware

learning target

1. Understand the construction of the Great Wall and Beijing City in the Ming Dynasty, and appreciate the great cohesion and creativity of the Chinese nation.

2. Understand the outstanding scientific and technological masterpieces of the Ming Dynasty: "Compendium of Materia Medica", "Tiangong Kaiwu", and "The Complete Book of Agricultural Affairs".

3. Understand the four major classics and the development of Chinese opera and Peking Opera, and feel the breadth of Chinese culture.

Research point: The construction of Beijing City and the Great Wall

The Ming Dynasty initially set its capital in Nanjing. Ming Emperor Chengzu decided to move the capital to Beijing, so he expanded the city of Beijing into three parts: the palace city, the imperial city and the capital city on the basis of the Yuan capital. It took more than 10 years to complete. In 1421, the Ming Dynasty officially moved its capital to Beijing and called it the capital.

In order to strengthen the northern border defense, the Ming Dynasty carried out many large-scale repairs to the Great Wall of the previous generation (qì). The Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty started from Jiayuguan in the west and reached the Yalu River in the east. It was known as the "Great Wall of Ten Thousand Miles" and was one of the greatest projects in the world. According to the latest measurement results released by the country in 2009, the total length of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty was 8,851 kilometers.

Research point: great achievements in practical science and technology

1. Who is the author of "Compendium of Materia Medica"?

2. What kind of work is "Compendium of Materia Medica"?

3. What is the main basis for your judgment?

The book contains more than 1.9 million words, contains more than 1,800 kinds of medicines, records more than 11,000 prescriptions, and draws more than 1,100 medicine illustrations. The whole book reclassifies the drugs contained in it, corrects the mistakes of predecessors, and summarizes previous experiences.

4. How do you recognize the status value of this book?

Internal: It is a summary of China’s medical achievements before the 16th century and an important work on botany.

Externally: It has been translated into many languages ​​and spread all over the world, and is called the "Great Classic of Oriental Medicine" by Western countries.

1. Author and nature of "Compendium of Materia Medica"

"Compendium of Materia Medica" is a masterpiece on pharmacology compiled by Li Shizhen, a medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty.

2.Achievements and influence

1) Comprehensively summarize the achievements of ancient Chinese pharmacology and bring Chinese pharmacological research to a new height.

2) Spread to Japan, Britain, France and other countries, making significant contributions to world medicine.

In 1951, at the World Peace Council held in Vienna, Li Shizhen was listed as a celebrity in the ancient world.

A marble statue of Li Shizhen stands on the corridor of Moscow State University.

Darwin praised "Compendium of Materia Medica" as "the encyclopedia of ancient China."

There is no doubt that the greatest scientific achievement of the Ming Dynasty was Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica", which was the pinnacle of herbal works. As a scientist, Li Shizhen reached the highest level that anyone isolated from the scientific activities of Galileo and Vesalius could achieve. ——(UK) Joseph Needham "History of Science and Technology in China"

1. Who is the author of "Tiangong Kaiwu"?

2. What kind of work is "Tiangong Kaiwu"?

3. What are the main contents of "Tiangong Kaiwu"?

The book describes in detail the production technology and production processes of ancient Chinese agriculture and handicrafts, and is equipped with a large number of illustrations.

4. What is the status of "Tiangong Kaiwu" in the history of world science and technology?

Internally: reflects many of my country’s world-advanced production technologies and experiences at that time

Externally: Translated into many languages, known as "China's 17th-century craft encyclopedia"

1. The main contents of "Tiangong Kaiwu"

The book extensively records the varieties, characteristics, and cultivation methods of crops in various places, focusing on the processes and techniques of handicraft production such as textiles, papermaking, and porcelain making, mining, and smelting.

2. The value of "Tiangong Kaiwu"

Internal: reflects the development of agricultural and handicraft production technology at that time

Externally: Known as the "Encyclopedia of 17th Century Craftsmanship" by foreigners

Research point: The prosperity of popular literature and art

The full name of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is "Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which is a long chapter-length novel. The author, Luo Guanzhong, based on Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms" and Pei Song's annotations, as well as Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han", Yuan Dynasty's "Three Kingdoms Pinghua" and related popular legends, integrated them, and then artistically processed them to create it. Later, it was revised by Mao Zonggang in the early Qing Dynasty and became the current popular version with 120 chapters and more than 700,000 words.

"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" describes the entire historical process of the warlord separatism in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the period of the Three Kingdoms, with particular emphasis on the complex political struggles and thrilling military struggles during this period. With its grand structure, numerous characters, twists and turns of plot, and vivid writing, it has been circulated in our country and even the world for a long time and has become a treasure in China's cultural heritage.

The novel "Water Margin" was created through artistic processing based on the Song Dynasty's "The Legacy of Xuanhe" and various popular scripts and stories. Also known as "Water Margin of Loyalty and Righteousness", it is a long chapter novel. The theme is the Songjiang Uprising in the late Northern Song Dynasty. Using a combination of realism and romanticism, he created many vivid heroic images, exposed the cruelty and corruption of the feudal rulers, and described the heroes of Liangshan who fought bravely for justice.

The birth process of Peking Opera

①The opportunity encountered in the origin of Peking Opera

Celebrating the eightieth birthday of Emperor Qianlong (1790).

②What is the symbolic event that marked the origin of Peking Opera?

The landmark event was the Hui Troupe's entry into Beijing (Sanqing, Sixi, Chuntai, and Hechun).

Peking Opera Encyclopedia

"Four major trades"

The professional division of labor among traditional opera actors is called "business". It refers to what kind of characters should be played by actors in which line. Divide the types of characters according to their different genders, ages, personalities, and identities. The division of Peking Opera is derived from ancient operas such as Kun Opera and Anhui and Han operas. It was originally known as the "Ten Characters", namely Sheng, Dan, Mo, Wai, Jing, Chou, Za, Shangshou, Xiashou and Popular. With the development of Peking Opera performing arts and the continuous enrichment of the repertoire, actors are required to adapt to the performance needs of various roles, so the original profession is gradually broken. Therefore, it was later simplified into the four major lines of Sheng, Dan, Jing, and Chou. Trades, facial makeup, and costumes constitute Peking Opera culture.

Peking Opera Art

After Peking Opera was formed, it quickly became popular, and everyone from high-ranking officials to common people loved to watch it.

The artistic characteristics of Peking Opera, which appeals to both refined and popular people, make it the most representative opera in my country. It embodies the essence of Chinese opera art and is called the "quintessence of the country".

In-class training

1. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the main defense targets of the reconstruction of the Great Wall were ( )

A. Mongolian and Khitan

B. Dali and Xixia

C. Jurchen and Khitan

D. Mongolian and Jurchen

2. The largest and most complete palace complex in the world is ( )

A. Forbidden City B. Weiyang Palace

C.Afang Palace D.Versailles Palace

3. The most famous medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty was ( )

A.Zhang Zhongjing B.Hua Tuo

C.Bian Que D.Li Shizhen

4. The masterpiece on pharmacology that is still hailed as the "treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine" by the West is ( )

A. "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases" B. "Nei Jing"

C. "Compendium of Materia Medica" D. "Shen Nong's Materia Medica"

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