"Science and Technology in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" PPT courseware on the consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country

"Science and Technology in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" PPT courseware on the consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country

learning target

Master the Forbidden City of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen and "Compendium of Materia Medica", Song Yingxing and "Tiangong Kaiwu", Xu Guangqi and "The Complete Book of Agricultural Affairs".

Focus: The Forbidden City in Beijing and Li Shizhen and "Compendium of Materia Medica".

Review the past and learn the new 1

(1) Background ① At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Tsarist Russia began to expand eastward, invaded the ______ river basin of our country, carried out burning, killing and looting, and successively occupied ______ and ______ and other places. ② Emperor Kangxi repeatedly sent representatives to negotiate to no avail, and decided to use force to defend the territorial integrity of the motherland.

(2) Battle of Yaksa: In 1685 and 1686, Emperor ______ twice sent troops to besiege Yaksa, severely damaging the Russian army. The Russian army was forced to agree to peace talks.

(3) Result: In 1689, China and Russia signed ____________, which stipulated the eastern boundary between the two countries and affirmed China’s sovereignty over all land south of ______ and in the ______ river basin.

(4) Significance: The victory of the two ______ battles curbed Tsarist Russia’s invasion of the ______ river basin in our country. It has created a peaceful living environment for residents in the border areas between China and Russia.

Independent Study 1: The Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty and the Forbidden City of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Read textbook pages 108-109.

(1) Great Wall of Ming Dynasty

① Background: The product of the conflict between the Ming Dynasty and ______.

②Overview: Construction began in ______ and lasted more than 200 years. Starting from ______ in the west and ending at ______ in the east, it is more than 6,300 kilometers long and is known as the "Great Wall".

③Significance: It is a miracle in the history of world architecture and a symbol of the great wisdom of the Chinese nation.

Think about it: What are the similarities and differences between the Qin Great Wall and the Ming Great Wall?

①Purpose: The Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty was built to prevent the intrusion of Mongolian cavalry; the Great Wall of the Qin Dynasty was built to resist the Xiongnu going south.

②Start and end: The Ming Great Wall starts from the Yalu River in the east and ends at Jiayuguan in the west; the Qin Great Wall starts from Lintao in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east.

③Architectural achievements: The construction of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty reached the highest level in history.

(2)Forbidden City

① Location: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the city of Beijing was divided into four levels: palace city, ______, inner city and outer city. ______ is also called the Forbidden City.

②Overview: Located in the center of the city, it is rigorously designed and magnificent. It is 960 meters long from north to south and more than 750 meters wide from east to west, covering an area of ​​more than 720,000 square meters. It is surrounded by a 10-meter-high ______ and is surrounded by ______.

③Status: One of the most famous and well-preserved ancient architectural complexes in the world.

*Discussion: Why are the colors of the Forbidden City buildings all made of red walls and yellow tiles? What is its symbolic meaning?

The walls of the Forbidden City are all red, which is a color that expresses solemnity and dignity. The Forbidden City uses yellow glazed tiles, which looks magnificent and magnificent, showing the emperor's nobility and wealth. Another theory is that yellow represents the central direction in the Five Elements Theory, so the feudal society used it as a symbol of the royal family.

Research question one

Some people say that the Great Wall is a symbol of closedness and conservatism; others believe that the Great Wall is the lifeline to promote economic development in northern Xinjiang and the link that unifies a multi-ethnic country. Which view do you agree with? Why? (Hint: Analyze the positive and negative impacts of the construction of the Great Wall)

(1) Agree with the first point of view. Because the construction of the Great Wall is a passive defense, it has the effect of closing the country to a certain extent; at the same time, the Great Wall separates the nomadic areas from the farming areas, hindering the economic and cultural exchanges between the nomadic people and the Central Plains.

(2) Agree with the second view. Politically, the Great Wall played a role in consolidating the unity of a multi-ethnic country; economically, it provided a peaceful and tranquil environment for the development of border areas.

Research question two

The "Compendium of Materia Medica" compiled by Li Shizhen is still praised by the West as a "treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine" and a "magnificent book of Oriental medicine". What is the reason? (Hint: Explain the reason from the content and function of "Compendium of Materia Medica")

"Compendium of Materia Medica" is a masterpiece of pharmacology. It is full of pictures and texts. It comprehensively summarizes the achievements of ancient Chinese pharmacology and brings our country's pharmaceutical research to a new height. It is a must-read classic for understanding and studying Chinese medicine, and it still has scientific and practical value.

Research question three

What were the reasons for the achievements of scientists in the Ming and Qing Dynasties? What outstanding qualities can you learn from them? (Hint: Analyze from the development of the commodity economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the efforts of the scientists themselves)

(1) ① Objective reasons: The commodity economy developed in the late Ming Dynasty, which provided good soil for the development of science and technology. ②Subjective reasons: scientists’ own unremitting efforts.

(2) Excellent qualities: Excellent qualities such as learning with humility, studying hard, conducting on-the-spot investigations, thinking independently, and daring to question.

Class summary

reason:

The developed commodity economy in the late Ming Dynasty provided good soil for the development of science and technology.

The unremitting efforts of scientists themselves.

European missionaries introduced Western mathematics, geography and astronomy to our country.

Achievement:

Li Shizhen and "Compendium of Materia Medica"

Song Yingxing and "Tiangong Kaiwu"

Xu Guangqihe's "Agricultural Policy Complete Book"

Features:

Traditional science and technology still leads the world.

Mainly summary works.

Innovations and inventions in natural science lag behind the world.

Extend and expand

What are the characteristics of my country's scientific and technological development during the Ming and Qing Dynasties? Why did the development of natural science lag behind the world during this period?

Features: Traditional science and technology still leads the world.

Mainly summary works.

Innovations and inventions in natural science lag behind the world.

Reasons: The feudal economy restricted the development of the commodity economy and could not provide a strong driving force for the development of science and technology; the implementation of cultural autocracy, stereotyped recruitment of scholars, and literary inquisition separated intellectuals from the actual production, which was not conducive to the research and development of natural sciences; the implementation of a closed-door policy hindered the development of science and technology. The exchange of Eastern and Western cultures has caused China to lose the conditions for attracting advanced foreign science and technology and culture.

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