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"Science and Technology" Ancient Science, Technology and Culture PPT Courseware
1. Ancient Egyptian Solar Calendar
1. Origin
Derived from the needs of social life
A summary rooted in the reality of life
Rely on the synthesis of various knowledge
2. Evolution
think:
1. What is the inheritance relationship between the ancient Egyptian solar calendar, the Julian calendar, and the Gregorian calendar?
The Julian calendar inherited the solar calendar, and the Gregorian calendar revised the leap rules on the basis of the Julian calendar.
2. What are the advantages of the Gregorian calendar?
High accuracy
3. Status
The ancient Egyptian solar calendar is the first solar calendar in human history known so far. The Gregorian calendar currently used in most countries in the world has a direct relationship with it.
ancient chinese calendar
Taichu Calendar: The "Taichu Calendar" of the Western Han Dynasty is China's first calendar with complete written records.
Dayan Calendar: Compiled by a monk from the Tang Dynasty
Time Calendar: The Time Calendar compiled by Guo Shoujing of the Yuan Dynasty is the best calendar in ancient China and the longest-used calendar. It lasted more than 360 years from the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty.
In addition to the Egyptian solar calendar, do you know any other calendars?
The Buddhist calendar is the way of calculating epochs in some Buddhist countries. This calculation method is based on the year when Gautama Buddha died (BC543).
What year is this year in the Buddhist calendar?
Islamic calendar
The Islamic calendar, called Hijri in ancient my country, is a type of lunar calendar.
The Era takes July 16, 622 AD (the second day after Muhammad entered Medina) as the New Year's Day of the first year.
"Elements of Geometry" - the earliest masterpiece of axiomatic mathematics
Definition, five axioms and postulates
Line: A line is a length without width.
Point: A point is something without parts.
1. Two things that are equal to a third thing are equal to each other;
2. The sum of equal amounts added to equal amounts is equal;
3. The difference between equal amounts minus equal amounts is equal;
4. Things that can overlap each other are equal;
5. The whole is greater than the parts.
What are the characteristics of "Elements of Geometry"?
First, broad and profound
"Elements of Geometry" was a vast and comprehensive work that gathered all the achievements of geometry at that time and built a rigorous scientific system called "Euclidean geometry". The argument is brilliant, the logic is tight, and the content is rich.
Second, far-reaching impact
"This work has been handed down from the time when he was written to the present day, and has continued to have a significant impact on human society." - "Concise Encyclopedia Britannica"
"No need to doubt, no need to guess, no need to try, no need to change." -Xu Guangqi
1. Multiple choice questions
1. Who created the first solar calendar in human history known so far? ( )
A. Ancient Egyptians B. Ancient Babylonians
C. Ancient Indians D. Ancient Chinese
2. The world’s earliest masterpiece of axiomatic mathematics, regarded as the history of science
A monumental scientific work is ( )
A. "Zhou Bi Suan Jing" B. "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic"
C. "The Art of Decoration" D. "Elements of Geometry"
3. The famous saying “Give me a fulcrum and I will turn the earth” should be
Which of the following scientists should say this? ( )
A. Euclid B. Archimedes
C. Aristotle D. Zu Chongzhi
2. Material analysis questions
Read the following materials:
According to Proclus (about 410-485), King Ptolemy once asked a man if there was any shortcut to learning geometry besides his Elements. The man replied: "In geometry there are no roads paved for kings."
Please answer:
①Who is “this person” in the material?
②What is the status of "Elements of Geometry" in the history of world mathematics?
The world's earliest masterpiece of axiomatic mathematics, it is regarded as a monument in the history of science.
【Expand and improve】
Read the following materials:
Material 1: He placed the crown (the gold crown of Hieron II) in a basin filled with water, measured the overflowing water, and placed the same weight of pure gold in the basin filled with water, and found that the overflowing water Less than what was spilled just now. This confirmed that the crown was laced with silver.
Material 2: In 214 BC, when the Roman fleet and army approached the ancient city of Syracuse, many large and heavy stones were thrown at the enemy's army at a fast speed, while some thick beams rammed and sank the enemy's warships, and some Warships were also caught and hoisted into the air by a crane-like machine, flipped over, or thrown onto rocks or into the sea, with people and the ship shattered to pieces.
Excuse me:
⑴ In Material 1, it was detected that the gold crown was mixed with silver. What is the principle of physics based on this?
⑵ What principles were used to manufacture the weapons used to resist the Roman attack in Material 2?
⑶The material reflects the deeds of which scientist from which country in ancient times? What spiritual qualities do you think the material reflects about him?
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