"Rocket" mechanical energy, internal energy and their transformation PPT courseware 3

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"Rocket" mechanical energy, internal energy and their transformation PPT courseware 3

The balloon is filled with gas

Loosen the blowing port, and the gas in the balloon will spurt out at a very fast speed.

The ejected gas exerts a thrust on the balloon in the opposite direction of the jet, causing the balloon to fly out.

Action force and reaction force--conversion of internal energy into mechanical energy

History of ancient and modern rocket development

The history of rocket development

(1) Rockets originated in China

The "Burning Arrow" of the Three Kingdoms Period

(2) The Chinese nation not only invented rockets, but was also the first to apply series (multi-stage) and parallel (bundling) technologies to improve the rocket's carrying capacity.

The "Sacred Fire and Flying Crow" recorded in the historical records of the Ming Dynasty

(3) At the beginning of the 20th century, the famous Russian scientist Tsiolkovsky theoretically proved that a multi-stage rocket can overcome the gravity of the earth and enter space, and established the basic mathematical equations of rocket motion, laying the foundation of aerospace science.

On October 3, 1942, Germany successfully launched the V-2, the first ballistic missile in human history.

(4) After World War II, launch vehicle development began on the basis of missiles.

Reasons not to use 4-stage rockets

1. The engine used in multi-stage rockets is different from that of 1- and 2-stage rockets. The more stages, the higher the technology required.

2. The high-altitude starting technology of the engine needs to be solved.

3. The failure rate during launch increases geometrically in a series.

Example: The Long March 3 rocket was launched 12 times in total. Among them, the 1st, 8th, and 11th times failed because the engine of the third-stage rocket failed to start and malfunctioned.

How do solid rockets propel themselves?

The propellant of a solid rocket is solid. This propellant is also called "gunpowder". The gunpowder is cast into blocks and discharged into the rocket body, occupying most of the space. Solid rockets have a simple structure and are easy to make. They can be stored for a long time after being loaded with gunpowder and can be ignited at any time. After ignition, they burn for a short time, the intensity of the combustion cannot be controlled, and they vibrate greatly during launch. Therefore, they are not suitable for launching manned aircraft. They are mostly used for Military aspect.

How do liquid rockets propel themselves?

The propellant of liquid rockets is liquid, and there are many combinations of fuel and oxidizer, such as alcohol and liquid oxygen, kerosene and liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, etc. Liquid rockets have a long burning time and are easy to control. Controlling the delivery of propellant can stop and re-ignite the rocket, thereby controlling the rocket's flight speed and making it easy to control. Liquid rocket fuel is difficult to store and the cost is high. It is the main means of transportation for space navigation.

Demonstration and explanation of the launch process

1. After the spacecraft and launch vehicle complete technical preparations in the technical workshop according to a series of procedures of vertical assembly and vertical testing, the entirety is transported vertically to the umbilical tower and undergoes final functional inspection.

2. After everything is ready, the rocket's first-stage engine and four boosters are ignited at the same time.

3. The rocket takes off and begins the programmed turn.

4. The rocket continues flying and throws away the escape tower.

5. Booster separation.

6. The first and second stages of the rocket are separated and the fairing is separated.

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Update Time: 2024-10-20

This template belongs to Physics courseware Beijing Normal University Ninth Grade Physics Volume 1 industry PPT template

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