"Relativistic Space-Time View and Limitations of Newtonian Mechanics" Gravity and Space Navigation PPT

"Relativistic Space-Time View and Limitations of Newtonian Mechanics" Gravity and Space Navigation PPT

Part One: Learning Objectives

1. Know the scope of application of Newton’s laws of motion.

2. Understand the wide application of classical mechanics in scientific research and production technology.

3. Know the relationship between mass and speed, and know that the change of speed with time must be considered during high-speed movement.

PPT on the limitations of relativistic space-time view and Newtonian mechanics, part 2: introduction of new course

According to the special theory of relativity, not only "simultaneously" is relative, sometimes, even the sequence of things is also relative. For example, consider a 10-meter-long train, with A at the rear and B at the front. When the train passed a platform at a high speed of 0.6c, suddenly the people on the platform saw A shooting at B first. After 12.5 nanoseconds, B fired at A again. Therefore, the people on the platform testified: This shootout was started by A. However, the passengers in the car provided the opposite information. They said that B shot first, and 10 nanoseconds passed before A took action. The incident was initiated by B.

Who made the first move? There are no absolute answers. In this specific incident, who comes first and who comes last is relative. In the train reference frame, B precedes A, but in the station reference frame, A precedes B. People on the spacecraft may even see you eating the apple first and then seeing it fall to the ground.

(1) Relative time

Special relativity holds that time is not absolute (that is, fixed). Einstein pointed out that as an object (as seen by an observer) moves faster, time slows down.

The correctness of this conclusion has been confirmed using synchronized atomic clocks. When one clock is left on the ground and another is carried at a very fast speed (such as on a jet aircraft), and subsequent comparisons are made, the stationary clock is always slightly better than the other. faster.

(2) Relative length

The Irish physicist Firth Gerald (1851-1901) proposed that matter shrinks (shrinks) in the direction of motion. This means that from the point of view of a stationary observer, a rocket traveling at a distance close to that of light appears will be shorter than when it is at rest, although it will appear no different to a person riding in the rocket.

Einstein pointed out that when any object moves at the speed of light, its length will shorten to zero.

From macro to micro

From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, people went deep into the microscopic field and discovered that microscopic particles such as electrons, protons, and neutrons not only had particle properties, but also had wave properties, which in many cases could not be explained by classical mechanics.

The concept of photons proposed by Einstein believes that light is both an electromagnetic wave and a

Electrons in atoms can only move in discrete specific orbits and can only jump from one orbit to another. There is no continuity in the middle.

Any object has a wave nature. When you sit on a chair, you are a wave and have a wavelength.

The position of an object is uncertain and can only be reflected by probability.

From weak gravity to strong gravity

1. The universal gravitation between objects is weak gravity, and classical mechanics applies

2. When the radius of the celestial body decreases to a certain extent (the gravitational radius of the sun is 3 km and the gravitational radius of the earth is 1 m, such as a white dwarf), the gravitational force between celestial bodies tends to infinity and strong gravity. Black holes are cosmic objects under extreme conditions. It has a very strong attraction, and the huge mass of the black hole itself causes space to bend

PPT on the limitations of relativistic space-time view and Newtonian mechanics, part three: classroom exercises

Question Group 1 Classical Mechanics and Classical Space-time Concept

Question 1 On February 11, 2016, scientists announced the detection of gravitational waves. Gravitational waves are the last missing "puzzle" to experimentally verify Einstein's theory of relativity. The theory of relativity makes up for the limitations of classical mechanics to a certain extent. Regarding classical mechanics, which of the following statements is correct ()

A. Classical mechanics is fully applicable to macroscopic low-speed motion

B. Classical mechanics has made great achievements and is universally applicable

C. With the development of physics, classical mechanics will gradually become an outdated theory

D. With the introduction of the theory of relativity and quantum theory, classical mechanics has lost its application value

[Analysis] Pair A: Classical mechanics is applicable to objects moving at macroscopic low speeds. Macroscopic objects are relative to microscopic particles.

B Wrong: Classical mechanics has made great achievements, but it also has certain limitations and is not universally applicable.

C and D are wrong: In microscopic high-speed situations, quantum mechanics and relativity must be used to explain. However, the emergence of relativity and quantum mechanics does not negate classical mechanics. Classical mechanics will neither become obsolete nor lose its value.

【Answer】A

Question 2 [2019·Guangdong Foshan No. 1 Middle School and Senior High School Test] Which of the following movements cannot be applied to classical mechanics ()

A. Rocket launch

B. Wave nature of microscopic particles

C. The movement of the "Spirit" Mars rover in space

D. The motion of the spacecraft around the Earth

Question 3 [Multiple choice] Which of the following statements is correct ()

A. Both classical mechanics and quantum mechanics are applicable to both macroscopic objects and microscopic particles.

B. When an object moves at a very high speed (close to the speed of light), there is a large deviation between the results obtained by classical mechanics theory and the actual results.

C. In classical mechanics, the mass of an object is constant. In special relativity, the mass of an object decreases as the object's speed increases.

D. Newton’s theory of gravity cannot be applied to the surface of neutron stars

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