"Relativistic Space-Time View and Limitations of Newtonian Mechanics" Gravity and Space Navigation PPT High-Quality Courseware

"Relativistic Space-Time View and Limitations of Newtonian Mechanics" Gravity and Space Navigation PPT High-Quality Courseware

Part One: Core Competency Goals

physical concepts

Know Einstein's two postulates, understand the time delay effect and length contraction effect, and understand the achievements and limitations of Newtonian mechanics.

scientific thinking

Know the scope of application of Newtonian mechanics, understand the relative stability of theories in physics, and have a questioning spirit.

scientific inquiry

Understand the role of the Michelson-Morley experiment in promoting the principle of invariance of the speed of light, and understand the relationship between experiment and theory.

PPT on the limitations of relativistic space-time theory and Newtonian mechanics, part 2: pre-class learning

Knowledge Point 1: Relativity Theory of Space and Time

1. Einstein’s hypothesis

(1) In different ________ reference systems, the forms of physical laws are ________.

(2) The size of ________ in vacuum is ________ in different inertial reference systems.

2. Time delay effect

If a person on ___________ moving with v relative to the ground observes the time interval during which the object moving with it completes a certain action is Δτ, the time interval during which a person on the ground observes the object completing this action on ___________ is Δt, then the relationship between the two is Δt=Δτ1-vc2

Since 1-vc2<1, there is always Δt___Δτ. This situation is called the time delay effect.

3. Length shrinkage effect

If the person ________ opposite the rod measures the length of the rod to be l0, and along the direction of the rod, the person moving relative to the rod at v measures the length of the rod to be l, then the relationship between the two is l=l01-vc2. Since 1-vc2<1, so there is always l____l0. This situation is called the length contraction effect.

inertial reference frame

Any reference system in which Newton's laws of motion are established is called an inertial reference system, or inertial system for short.

①All reference systems that move in a straight line at a uniform speed relative to the inertial system are inertial systems.

②All reference frames that perform variable-speed motion relative to the inertial frame are non-inertial frames.

Knowledge point 2: Achievements and limitations of Newtonian mechanics

1. Achievements of Newtonian mechanics

From the movement of objects on the ground to the movement of celestial bodies, from damming rivers and building bridges to designing various machines, from bicycles to the movement of modern transportation vehicles such as cars, trains, and airplanes, from throwing basketballs to launching missiles and artificial earth Satellites, spacecrafts...all obey the laws of___________.

2. Limitations of Newtonian mechanics

(1)Newtonian mechanics does not apply to ______ motion.

(2) Physics research has gone deep into the microscopic world and discovered microscopic particles such as electrons, protons, and neutrons. It is also found that they are not only particle-like but also wavelike. In many cases, their laws of motion cannot be determined by ________. illustrate.

3. Scope of application of Newtonian mechanics

It is only applicable to _______ motion, not to high-speed motion; it is only applicable to the macroscopic world, not to the ________ world.

Newtonian mechanics has undergone experimental testing and will not be denied by new science. It is included in the new theory in a special case.

PPT on the limitations of relativistic space-time view and Newtonian mechanics, part three: core exploration

Core Point 1: Relativistic Space-time Concept

Comparison between Newtonian mechanical space-time view and relativistic space-time view

[Example 1] (Multiple choice) Regarding the relativistic view of space and time, the correct statement is ()

A. In different inertial reference systems, all physical laws are the same

B. In all inertial reference systems, the speed of light in vacuum is equal to c, regardless of the movement of the light source.

C. Events that are considered to occur at the same time in the Newtonian mechanical space-time view also occur at the same time in the relativistic space-time view.

D. Time and space are eternal

In the analytic relativistic space-time view, all physical laws are the same in different inertial reference systems. Option A is correct; in all inertial reference systems, the speed of light in vacuum is equal to c, which has nothing to do with the movement of the light source. Option A B is correct; in the theory of relativity, time and space are relative, so options C and D are incorrect.

Answer AB

[Example 2] (2019·Jiangxi Ji'an High School January Examination) As shown in the figure, a, b, and c are three identical clocks. On two rockets flying in the same direction with speeds vb and vc, and vb

A.a B.b C.c D.Unable to determine

[Example 3] As shown in the figure, two spacecrafts A and B fly in the same direction along the same straight line, and their relative speeds relative to the ground are both v (v is close to the speed of light c). The distance between them measured on the ground is L, then A measured the distance between the two spaceships ________(optional "greater than", "equal to" or "less than") L. When B sends a light signal to A, A measures the speed of the signal as ________.

[For Training 1] (2016·Jiangsu College Entrance Examination) The length of a spaceship at rest is 30 m. It flies across the earth along the length direction at a speed of 0.6c (c is the speed of light). Which of the following statements is correct? yes()

A. The observer on the spacecraft measured that the length of the spacecraft was less than 30 m.

B. Observers on Earth measured the length of the spacecraft to be less than 30 m.

C. The observer on the spacecraft measured that the speed of the light signal sent from the earth was less than c

D. Observers on the earth measured that the speed of the light signal sent from the spacecraft was less than c

Core Point 2 Understanding Newtonian Mechanics

1. Newtonian mechanics

Newtonian mechanics usually refers to vector mechanics with Newton's laws of motion as the core, and sometimes also refers to the classical mechanical system that describes the mechanical motion of low-speed macroscopic objects.

2. Development process

It took about two thousand years to develop from the physics of Aristotle and Archimedes to the classical mechanical system, and experienced the scientific revolution represented by Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo. Based on the research of Galileo, Descartes, Kepler, Huygens and others, Newton conducted a great scientific synthesis and formed a mechanical science system based on experiments and expressed in mathematics.

3. The great achievements of Newtonian mechanics

The combination of Newtonian mechanics and astronomy established celestial mechanics; the combination of Newtonian mechanics and engineering practice established various applied mechanics, such as fluid mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, etc. All motion problems of macroscopic objects obey the laws of Newtonian mechanics.

4. Limitations of Newtonian mechanics

Newtonian mechanics has its own limitations. It is not suitable for high-speed motion, nor is it suitable for microscopic fields. In high-speed motion, the theory of relativity can describe the laws of motion, and quantum mechanics can describe the laws of motion of microscopic particles. However, the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics do not deny Newtonian mechanics. They only consider Newtonian mechanics to be their own special situation under certain conditions.

[Example 4] Which of the following statements is correct ()

A.Newton’s laws of motion are Newtonian mechanics

B. The basis of Newtonian mechanics is Newton’s laws of motion

C.Newton’s laws of motion can solve all problems in nature

D. Newtonian mechanics can solve all problems in nature

[For training 3] Newtonian mechanics is not applicable to which of the following sports ()

A. Rocket launch

B. The motion of the spacecraft around the earth

C. Operation of the "Spirit" space probe

D. Wave nature of microscopic particles

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