"Regime Change and National Integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties" PPT teaching courseware on the integration of ethnic groups in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the development of t

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"Regime Change and National Integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties" PPT teaching courseware on the integration of ethnic groups in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the development of the unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the Sui and Tang Dynasties

Part One: Introduction of New Course

The disaster of party control

The Disaster of Party Imprisonment refers to the incident in ancient China during the reign of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when scholar-bureaucrats, nobles, etc. were dissatisfied with the eunuchs' disorder in government and had party disputes with the eunuchs. The incident got its name because the eunuch imprisoned the scholar for life on the charge of being a "party member". It happened twice in total. The Disaster of Party Confinement ended with the eunuchs killing the scholar-bureaucrats and several members of the party. Comments at the time and later historians were mostly sympathetic to the scholar-officials and the group, and believed that the Disaster of Party Confinement damaged the foundation of the Han Dynasty and laid the foundation for the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the final demise of the Han Dynasty. Foreshadowing.

Ten constant attendants

The Shichangshi refers to Zhang Rang, Zhao Zhong, Xia Yun, Guo Sheng, Sun Zhang, Bi Lan, Li Song, Duan Yu, Gao Wang, Zhang Gong, who controlled the political power during the Eastern Han Dynasty in ancient China (168-189 AD). Twelve eunuchs, including Han Kui and Song Dian, all served as Zhong Changshi (Huangmen Changshi). Among them, Zhang Rang and Zhao Zhong were the most favored. Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty once said: "Zhang Changshi (Zhang Rang) is my father, and Zhao Changshi (Zhao Zhong) is my mother.

According to the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", these twelve people "were given the title of noble lord and favored by their father, brother, and children in Buliezhou County. They were greedy and low-ranking, and they were harmed by others." Huangfu Song, who had made great contributions during the Yellow Turban Rebellion, had offended the ten regular attendants. Slandered by the imperial court, Zhang Jun, a doctor, asked Emperor Ling to have the ten regular attendants killed, but he was falsely accused and died in prison.

Yellow Turban Rebellion

The Yellow Turban Rebellion was a peasant war in the late Eastern Han Dynasty in China. It was also one of the largest religiously organized riots in Chinese history. It began in the seventh year of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (184) and was led by Zhang Jiao and others. It had a huge impact on the rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and gradually led to the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the arrival of the Three Kingdoms period.

Liangzhou Rebellion

The Liangzhou Rebellion (184-189) that occurred at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty was an uprising by the Qiang people in Liangzhou (about present-day Wuwei, Gansu) in western China against the Han Dynasty court. The Xiao Yueshi and sympathetic Han rebels soon joined in, intent on wresting control of Liangzhou from the imperial court. This rebellion occurred shortly after the Yellow Turban Rebellion and was one of a series of events that led to the decline of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Although relatively unnoticed by traditional historians, this rebellion still had lasting significance, shaking the central court's control over the northwest and laying the foundation for the Hu people to establish their political power here in the coming hundreds of years.

Regime change and ethnic integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties PPT, Part 2: The Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin Dynasty

In 220, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor, making Luoyang the capital. The country was named "Wei" and the history was called Cao Wei. The history of the Three Kingdoms officially began. The following year Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and established his capital in Chengdu, which was known as Shuhan in history. In 222, Liu Bei failed in the Battle of Yiling, and Sun Quan gained most of Jingzhou. When Liu Bei died in 223, Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Bei's son Liu Chan in re-alliance with Sun Quan. In 229, Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor and established the capital at Jianye. The country was named "Wu" and historically known as Soochow. The Three Kingdoms were thus officially established.

Unification of the Western Jin Dynasty

In the following decades, Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wei of the Shu Han Dynasty led their troops to the north to Cao Wei several times, but they were never able to change the three-legged pattern. In the later period of Cao Wei, the real power was gradually controlled by Sima Yi. In 263, Sima Zhao of Cao Wei launched a war between Wei and Shu, and the Shu Han Dynasty was destroyed. Sima Zhao died of illness two years later. His son Sima Yan deposed Emperor Yuan of Wei and established his own country. The founding name of the country was "Jin", which was known as the Western Jin Dynasty in history. In 280 AD, the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Dongwu and unified China. This ended the Three Kingdoms period and entered the Jin Dynasty.

Rebellion of Eight Kings

The "Eight Kings Rebellion" was one of the most serious imperial civil strife in Chinese history. The social economy was severely damaged at that time, leading to the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty and nearly three hundred years of turmoil, which later led to China entering the Five Hus and Sixteen Kingdoms ( The Five Husbands (Five Chaos) period.

The Wu Hu Chaos in China refers to the period during the Western Jin Dynasty when many nomadic peoples outside the Great Wall took advantage of the Eight Kings' Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty and the weakening of national power to establish several non-Han regimes, forming a period of confrontation with the Han regime in the south. "Five Hu" mainly refers to the five major Hu tribes, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Qiang, and Di. However, in fact, the Wuhu are representatives of various Chinese Hu tribes in the late Western Jin Dynasty, and their number is far from five.

After the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, in order to avoid chaos, the Jin Dynasty royal family and the majority of residents in the northern Yellow River Basin entered the stable Yangtze River Basin, which was known as Yiguan Nandu in history. The southern crossing led to the southward shift of the economic center of gravity.

Regime change and ethnic integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties PPT, the third part: Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties

The Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420) was a political power established by Sima Rui, a clan member of the Western Jin Dynasty, who moved south. The Western Jin Dynasty, which had its capital in Luoyang, fell and was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. In addition, the history books imitated the Eastern Han Dynasty and called it the Central Han Dynasty, and called the Eastern Jin Dynasty the Middle Jin Dynasty. , which means the resurgence of the Jin Dynasty; and most of the areas ruled by the Eastern Jin Dynasty are in Jiangdong, which was called Jiangzuo in ancient times, so Jiangzuo refers to the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty was a gentry politics that coexisted with the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms in the north. This historical period is also called the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it was also divided internally. The Eastern Jin Dynasty, together with Sun Wu before it and Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen after it, were collectively called the Six Dynasties.

The nine-grade Zhongzheng system was an important official selection system during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. At the beginning of its establishment, the standard for evaluating characters was to pay equal attention to family background, morality, and ability. Later, the aristocratic families completely controlled the power of selecting officials, so family background became more and more important, and even became the only criterion. By the Western Jin Dynasty, a situation was formed where "there are no poor families in the upper class and no noble families in the lower class".

Evaluation: The Nine-Rank Zhongzheng System has not only become an important tool for maintaining and consolidating the rule of the clan, but also constitutes an important part of the clan system.

Time: From the late Western Jin Dynasty to the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties periods. This stage is characterized by the gradual shift of the economic center of gravity to the south.

Reasons: ① Jiangnan area has abundant rainfall, hot climate, fertile land, and has superior conditions for the development of agriculture;

② From the late Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of people from the north migrated southward, bringing with them labor force and advanced production technology;

③There are relatively few wars in the Jiangnan area and the society is relatively stable;

④Integration of southern ethnic minorities and Han people to accelerate economic development;

⑤The hard work of the working people in the north and south.

Regime changes and ethnic integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties PPT, Part 4: Reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty

Purpose:

1. Ease the increasingly acute national and class contradictions and consolidate rule.

2. Change the backwardness of the Xianbei people and promote the social development of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Contents of Emperor Xiaowen's reforms

Moved the capital to Luoyang: Emperor Xiaowen used the old capital Pingcheng as a place of military power, which could not be governed by civil servants. Luoyi was a famous historical capital with rich materials and people, and convenient transportation, which made it easy to conduct business in the sea and control the Central Plains. In the 17th year of Wei Taihe (493) ), in the name of the Southern Expedition, stationed in Heluo and designated it as the capital.

"Book of Wei·Yun Biography of King Rencheng" records that Luoyang's "Emperor Weihan's residence was in the royal palace of Heluo. Because of this, he made great efforts to light up his residence in the Central Plains." In "Book of Wei·Biography of Li Chong", Emperor Xiaowen said: "I want to open the canal to Luo from now on." , on the day of the Southern Expedition, why not enter Luo from here, enter the river from Luo, enter Bian from the river, enter Qing from Bian, and end at Huai? Disembarking from the boat to fight is like opening an account to fight. This is the grand plan of the military state."

Regime change and ethnic integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties PPT, Part 5: The impact of Emperor Xiaowen’s reforms in the Northern Wei Dynasty:

Liu Qingzhi, a general of the Southern Dynasties, went to Luoyang as an envoy. After witnessing the scenery of Luoyang, he sighed: "Since the Jin and Song Dynasties, Luoyang has been called a wasteland. It is said that all the barbarians north of the Yangtze River are barbarians. When I arrived in Luoyang yesterday, I learned that the well-dressed nobles were living in the Central Plains, and the rituals were prosperous. , the character Yin Fu.

1. Promoted ethnic exchanges and integration. The reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty not only eased ethnic conflicts and consolidated feudal rule, but also promoted the great integration of ethnic groups.

2. Promote economic recovery, development and social prosperity in the north

3. It laid the foundation for ending the long-term division and re-unifying the country.

Regime change and ethnic integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties PPT, Part 6: Northern Zhou---Sui unified the country

Guanlong Group

Some scholars put forward a theory that during the Northern Wei Dynasty, the powerful military forces whose main origins were located around Guanzhong, Shaanxi and Longshan (also known as Liupanshan), Gansu were called the "Guanlong Group".

In order to ensure the security of the capital Pingcheng (now northeast of Datong, Shanxi), the Northern Wei Dynasty established six military towns in the border areas, namely northern Hebei and southern Inner Mongolia, collectively known as Six Towns (Wuchuan Town is one of them). In the early days, most of the soldiers in the six towns were Xianbei nobles, and some were Han powerful men, but in the later period, Han people gradually became the majority.

By the time of the Western Wei Dynasty, the imperial army system was perfected, and eight pillars and twelve generals were set up at the top of the imperial army. In the raging state of war at that time, the Western Wei Dynasty integrated military and political affairs. The eight pillar states and the twelve generals were all generals and prime ministers. They were not only the commanders of the army, but also the core of the country's leadership. They were also the most prominent in the Guanzhong area at that time. The twenty major families are at the top of society in all aspects. The four emperors of the Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui and Tang dynasties all came from this group. Among them, the ancestors of the Western Wei, Northern Zhou and Tang dynasties were all one of the Eight Pillar States, and the ancestor of the Sui Dynasty was one of the twelve generals.

The Twelve Generals of the Eight Pillars Kingdom

The Zhu State was established by the State of Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It meant the senior commander of the army. It was abolished during the Han Dynasty and re-established when Yu Wentai revived the Western Wei Dynasty. Before the sixteenth year of the reign of the Western Wei Dynasty, the title of General Zhuguo was awarded to eight people, namely: Yu Wentai, Yuan Xin, Li Hu, Li Bi, Yu Jin, Dugu Xin, Zhao Gui, Hou Mo and Chen Chong. At that time, it was known as the "Eight-Pillar Country" - Yuwentai was in charge of all the armies, while Yuanxin was a member of the Western Wei royal family, and his military power was restricted. The remaining six people each The two generals in charge are the "twelve generals" in the army.

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"Regime Change and National Integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties" PPT courseware download:

"Regime Change and National Integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties" National Integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Development of a Unified Multi-ethnic Feudal Country in the Sui and Tang Dynasties PPT teaching courseware Part One Content: The course standard requires that by grasping the historical context of division, merger and change from the Three Kingdoms to the early Tang Dynasty, recognize..

"Regime Change and National Integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties" PPT download:

"Regime Change and National Integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties" PPT download Part 1: Learning objectives: 1. Combined with historical materials, evaluate the reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty from the perspective of historical materialism. 2. Be able to straighten out the historical context of regime change in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and combine it with the times...

"Regime Change and National Integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties" PPT courseware:

"Regime Change and National Integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties" National Integration in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Development of a Unified Multi-ethnic Feudal Country in the Sui and Tang Dynasties PPT Courseware Part One Content: Course Standards: 1. By understanding the historical context of the regime change in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties,. .

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Update Time: 2024-10-19

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