"Revolution of 1911" Revolution of 1911 and the founding of the Republic of China PPT courseware

Description

"Revolution of 1911" Revolution of 1911 and the founding of the Republic of China PPT courseware

Situation import

Every National Day, a huge portrait of Sun Yat-sen is placed in Tiananmen Square. Why is this?

Wu Yuzhang, an older generation revolutionary, recalled:

At that time, revolution was the only way out. To make revolution, we must first have a revolutionary organization. Mr. Sun was the first to establish the group Xingzhonghui. Later, various groups sprung up like mushrooms after a spring rain. However, they all lacked a clear and complete program, let alone a strict organization. Moreover, they were all subject to local limitations and were not able to lead the growing revolutionary movement across the country. . So Mr. Sun founded a revolutionary political party in Tokyo in 1905.

Sun Yat-sen and the rise of revolutionary trends

Background: The signing of the "Xinchou Treaty" enabled the people to see clearly the nature of the Qing government, dispel their last illusions about the Qing government, and realize that only by overthrowing the rule of the Qing government can the nation be saved from peril.

1. Xingzhonghui

Sun Yat-sen said in his own account that after the failure of the Guangzhou Uprising in 1895, "the public opinion of the whole country regarded him as a rebellious minister and traitor, and there were endless curses and abuses." After the failure of the Huizhou Uprising five years later, "it is rare to hear the bad words of ordinary people. But most of the knowledgeable people sigh for us and hate that it will not succeed." - Sun Yat-sen's "Guidelines for the Founding of the People's Republic of China"

What does the change in people’s evaluation of the uprising indicate?

hint:

The initial development of the capitalist economy;

The power of the bourgeoisie has grown;

the spread of bourgeois democratic revolutionary ideas;

The rule of the Qing government became increasingly decadent, especially the signing of the "Xinchou Treaty", which completely reduced the Qing government to a tool for imperialism to rule China.

2. Alliance

Revolutionary Program of the Tongmenghui

Drive out the Tartars

restore china

Founded the Republic of China

average land rights

Wuchang Uprising

background:

Ideological conditions: At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, education was reformed and new schools were established. Western learning gradually became the main content of school education, and a large number of valuable talents with progressive ideas and innovations were cultivated.

Social conditions: On the eve of the Wuchang Uprising of 1911, as various social contradictions in China continued to intensify and the people's resistance struggles continued, the revolutionaries continued to launch armed uprisings.

Revolutionary preparations: Two revolutionary groups, the Literary Society and the Joint Progress Association, carried out revolutionary propaganda work in the Hubei New Army, developed revolutionary forces in the New Army, and actively prepared for the uprising.

Trigger: The road protection movement in Sichuan surged and became the forerunner of the Wuchang Uprising.

Discuss your views on the revolutionaries' election of Li Yuanhong as governor.

hint:

From an objective point of view, during the preparation of the Wuchang Uprising, some of the main leaders of the uprising were arrested, killed or fled Wuchang due to leaks. Among the bourgeois revolutionaries, Sun Yat-sen was far abroad, and Huang Xing and other leaders of the Tongmenghui were also separated. In places such as Hong Kong and Shanghai, after the uprising is successful, there are no highly prestigious people in the insurrectionary army to elect.

From a subjective point of view, the rebels were inexperienced and did not realize the importance of taking power. They mistakenly believed that people with prestigious positions in society should come out to organize the government, so they handed over the position of governor of the military government to Li Yuanhong. In this way, the revolution started from Hidden dangers were laid from the beginning.

The Qing Dynasty collapsed

Wuchang Shouyi results:

After the Wuchang Uprising, various regions responded one after another. In less than a month, more than a dozen provinces declared independence. The Qing Dynasty, which had ruled China for more than 200 years, could not escape the fate of collapse.

The first provinces to respond to the Wuchang Uprising were Hunan and Shaanxi. On October 22, the Changsha New Army launched an uprising and captured the governor's office, and immediately established the Hunan Military Government.

Think about it, why was Hunan Province the first province to respond to the Wuchang Uprising?

Tip: The reason why Changsha became the first region to respond to the Wuchang Uprising is inseparable from the attitude of the Hunan Constitutional Party to revolution and the long-term efforts of the Hunan Revolutionary Party.

Political conditions: Pay attention to the activities of sympathetic revolutionary parties, and eventually switch to the side of the revolution.

The influence of the old bureaucracy and constitutionalists on the revolution

Beneficial impact: Facing the overwhelming revolutionary situation, he stood on the side of the revolutionary camp and accelerated the fall of the Qing Dynasty.

Adverse effects: The old bureaucracy is unstable. Once the situation changes, it can easily become resistance to the revolution and lay hidden dangers for future political power construction.

The nature of the constitutionalists: The constitutionalists are members of the upper class of the bourgeoisie.

Basic composition: Transformed from the reformists, including some landlords, gentry and merchants.

The influence of Wuchang Shouyi:

The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended more than 2,000 years of autocratic monarchy, spread the concept of democracy and republic, and promoted social change in modern China with great shock and profound influence.

Think and explore

The Wuchang Uprising was not the first armed uprising in the late Qing Dynasty, so why is it called the “first uprising”?

The theory that Wuhan is the first to unite can be found in the "Declaration of the Provisional President of the Republic of China" issued by Sun Yat-sen on January 1, 1912, which states:

Wuhan was the first to be united, and more than ten provinces became independent one after another. The so-called independence means separation from the Qing court and union from the provinces.

(1) All previous armed riots have failed. The first meaning of "first righteousness" is that the first righteousness was successful.

(2) The second implication is that after the heavy blow of the Wuchang New Army uprising, the overthrow of the 268-year-old Qing Dynasty and the more than two thousand years of autocratic monarchy became a foregone conclusion.

(3) The third implication is that this was a large-scale urban uprising in modern times. The first democratic regime in Chinese history had the foundation to establish itself and was able to call on the world with a republican constitution. All provinces responded one after another. As the saying goes - Wuhan The world should support the banner of righteousness, overthrow the tyranny and establish a republic. This act of sincerity was the first act of righteousness, so it is called "the first righteousness of Xinhai" in history.

How to understand the meaning of the Revolution of 1911?

The Revolution of 1911 in a broad sense refers to a series of struggles carried out by the bourgeois revolutionaries represented by Sun Yat-sen to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and the feudal monarchy and establish a bourgeois democratic republic.

The Revolution of 1911 in a narrow sense refers to the Wuchang Uprising. Because it occurred in the year of 1911 in the old calendar, people called the Wuchang Uprising the Revolution of 1911.

What do you think are the reasons for the rapid development of the revolutionary situation after the Wuchang Uprising?

(1) On the eve of the Wuchang Uprising of 1911, various social contradictions in China continued to intensify, the people's resistance struggles continued, and the revolutionaries continued to launch armed uprisings.

(2) In 1906, the Qing government proposed a "preparatory constitution", but its essence was to strengthen the power of the royal family. The majority of constitutionalists were extremely dissatisfied with this;

(3) In May 1911, the cabinet list announced by the Qing government included nine Manchus (seven of whom were members of the royal family) and four Han nationalities. Known as the "Royal Cabinet". The Constitutionalists were disappointed.

(4) In order to gain foreign support and maintain its rule, the Qing government nationalized the commercial railways in Guangdong, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan and other places, and then sold them to foreign countries, setting off a large-scale people's uprising across the country—— The road protection movement was the most intense in Sichuan, and the revolutionary situation developed rapidly across the country.

Class exercises

1. Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, and Zhongshan Avenue in Wuhan, Hubei Province are all commemorated ( )

A. Kang Youwei B. Tan Sitong C. Sun Yat-sen D. Chen Duxiu

2. The official publication founded by the China Tongmenghui is ( )

A. "Nan Feng Daily" B. "Min Bao"

C. "Revolutionary Program of the Tongmenghui" D. "Chinese and Foreign Journals"

3. The guiding ideology of Sun Yat-sen’s leadership in the Revolution of 1911 was ( )

A. Overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty B. China Alliance

C. Establishment of the Republic of China government D. Three People's Principles

4. The first national bourgeois political party founded by Sun Yat-sen was ( )

A. Strong Society B. China Alliance C. Republic of China D. Revive China Society

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Update Time: 2024-09-07

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