"Proteins are the main carriers of life activities" PPT of molecules that make up cells

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"Proteins are the main carriers of life activities" PPT of molecules that make up cells

Part One: Problem Exploration

Collagen extracted from certain animal tissues can be used to make surgical sutures. Over a period of time after surgery, the sutures can be absorbed by the body's tissues, thus avoiding the pain of removing them.

discuss

1. Why can this suture be absorbed by human tissue?

2. What chemical changes must occur in this suture to allow it to be absorbed? What does this tell you about the chemical composition of proteins?

The most abundant organic matter that makes up cells is protein. From a chemical perspective, proteins are also the most structurally complex and functionally diverse molecules currently known. Genetic information in the cell nucleus often needs to be expressed into proteins to function. Protein is the main carrier of life activities.

Protein is the main carrier of life activities PPT, part 2 content: 1. Function of protein

1. Structural proteins: The components of muscles, hair, feathers, spider silk, etc. are mainly proteins.

2. Catalysis: Most enzymes are proteins.

3. Transport: such as hemoglobin.

4. Information transmission: For example, insulin can transmit information and regulate the body's life activities.

5. Defense: For example, antibodies have immune functions.

It can be said that all life activities of cells are inseparable from proteins, and proteins are the main carriers of life activities.

Proteins can undertake such a variety of functions, which is related to their diversity. There are tens of thousands of different proteins in the human body. It is estimated that there are as many as 1010 to 1012 types of proteins in the biological world.

Why do proteins have so many types and diverse functions? Does this have to do with its composition and structure?

Protein is the main carrier of life activities PPT, the third part contains: 2. The basic unit of protein-amino acids

In the human body, there are 21 kinds of amino acids that make up proteins. Amino acids are the basic units that make up proteins. What is the structure of amino acids?

Give it a try, can you deduce the general structural formula of amino acids?

The difference between amino acids lies in the different R groups.

Structural features: Each amino acid has at least one amino group (-NH2) and one carboxyl group (-COOH), and both have an amino group and a carboxyl group connected to the same carbon atom.

Protein is the main carrier of life activities PPT, part 4 content: 3. The structure and diversity of proteins

Protein is a biological macromolecule composed of amino acids.

1. How amino acids are combined: dehydration and condensation

By analogy, a compound containing multiple peptide bonds formed by the condensation of multiple amino acid molecules is called a polypeptide. Polypeptides are usually in the form of chains, called peptide chains.

2. Formation of proteins from peptide chains

Because hydrogen bonds can be formed between amino acids, the peptide chain can twist and fold to form a protein molecule with a certain spatial structure. Many protein molecules contain two or more peptide chains, which are bonded to each other through certain chemical bonds such as disulfide bonds. These peptide chains are not in a straight line or on the same plane, but form a more complex spatial structure. For example, hemoglobin is a protein composed of 574 amino acids and four polypeptide chains.

Think·Discuss

How amino acids form proteins

1. What are the roughly structural levels from amino acids to proteins?

2. What digestive enzymes do the protein foods that enter the human digestive tract have to undergo before they can be broken down into amino acids? After these amino acids enter human cells, what process must they go through to become human proteins? Are the proteins in the human body and the proteins in food the same?

3. If 20 different letters are used to represent 20 kinds of amino acids, if a long chain composed of 10 amino acids is written, how many different long chains can be written? Try to name the reasons why there are so many different types of proteins (hint: a protein molecule often contains hundreds or thousands of amino acids).

3. Causes of protein diversity

In a cell, the number of amino acids that make up a protein may be tens of thousands. When amino acids form a peptide chain, the order of different types of amino acids changes. The way the peptide chain twists and folds and the spatial structure it forms varies greatly. Therefore, protein molecules The structures of proteins are extremely diverse, which is why there are so many types of proteins in cells.

Each protein molecule has a unique structure suitable for the function it assumes. If the amino acid sequence is changed or the spatial structure of the protein is changed, its function may be affected.

Protein is the main carrier of life activities PPT, Part 5: Practice

1. An amino acid molecule contains two amino groups (-NH2). One amino group and one carboxyl group are connected to the same carbon atom. Then the position of the other amino group should be

A. Connected to the same carbon atom as the carboxyl group B. Must be connected to the carboxyl group

C. On the R group D. Connected to the amino end

2. When four amino acid molecules undergo a condensation reaction to form a polypeptide, the number of water molecules lost and the number of peptide bonds formed are respectively

A. 4, 4 B. 3, 3 C. 3, 2 D. 2, 3

3. Human muscles are mainly composed of protein, but smooth muscle and skeletal muscle have different functions. The main reason is

A. Belong to different systems B. Contain different protein molecular structures

C. The shapes of muscle cells are different. D. The distribution locations in the human body are different.

4. How many amino groups does a peptide chain of 100 amino acids contain? How many carboxyl groups does it contain?

A.5, 2 B.3, 3 C.4, 5 D.5, 5

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Update Time: 2024-11-24

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