"Politics and Military in the Two Song Dynasties" The coexistence of the multi-ethnic regimes of the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties and the unification of the Yuan Dynasty PPT courseware

"Politics and Military in the Two Song Dynasties" The coexistence of the multi-ethnic regimes of the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties and the unification of the Yuan Dynasty PPT courseware

Part One Content: Monopoly of Power

The strengthening of centralization in the early Song Dynasty

How did the Northern Song Dynasty strengthen centralization of power?

Locally:

In order to strengthen local control, the central government sent civilian officials to serve as governors and governors of local states, and Jiedushi gradually became a vacant position;

The Department of Transport and Transportation was established to take charge of local finances and ensure that most of the tax revenue from each state was handed over to the imperial court;

Incorporate local elite troops into the Forbidden Army to guard the capital, guard the local area, and change their locations regularly.

The influence of local policies in the Northern Song Dynasty

Appointment of civilian officials reduces the possibility of military commanders revolting in their territory;

Attack the Jiedushi envoys, who have no right to collect taxes, and cut off the Jiedushi envoys' opportunity to support their troops and respect themselves;

With the exception of a very small part of local taxes, most of them are turned over to the central government. Local governments are in financial difficulties and even quite poor;

Separate soldiers and civilians in various places to prevent local civil and military chiefs from colluding with each other and rebelling together;

Elite soldiers from various regions were incorporated into the Forbidden Army to strengthen the military strength of the central government and reduce the military strength of various regions so that they could not threaten the central government;

Strong trunks and weak branches ensure centralization of power, but are not conducive to local governance and defense, making it easier for the enemy to attack.

Upper center:

In order to decentralize institutional power, at the central level, the Privy Council is responsible for military affairs, and the three departments are responsible for finance, decentralizing power with the prime minister, and adding a deputy prime minister for political affairs;

The Privy Council and the "Three Yamen" of the Forbidden Army have divided powers. The former has the power to mobilize troops but does not command them, while the latter commands troops but does not have the power to deploy troops.

What impact would such a system have?

Various departments check and balance each other, and no one can monopolize power, which greatly increases authoritarian centralization;

It leads to a significant reduction in administrative efficiency and is not conducive to the rapid handling of emergency government affairs;

Various departments were at odds with each other, and no one was taking care of business. In the end, the emperor had to make the final decision, which strengthened the emperor's authority;

A large number of officials were unemployed but had high incomes, which led to a financial crisis in the empire.

On supervision:

Including the Transportation Department, four parallel road-level agencies, collectively known as the "Four Supervision Departments", have been established to monitor various states from different aspects;

A general judge was added at the prefecture level, and the prefect and the prefect jointly signed documents to restrict each other.

Military:

In order to curb the expansion of the power of military generals, the Northern Song Dynasty implemented the policy of advocating civility and suppressing military power, removing veteran generals from military power and using civilian officials as privy council officers;

Vigorously promote civilized governance, expand the scale of imperial examinations, and elevate the status of civil servants and scholars.

Political and military PPT of the two Song Dynasties, part 2: Confrontation between the North and the South

The war between the Northern Song Empire and the Liao Empire

During the Five Dynasties, Emperor Shi Jingtang of the Later Jin Dynasty exchanged the military support of the Khitan at the expense of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun and successfully seized power. The Sixteenth Prefecture of Yanyun was ceded. After that, it was difficult to regain the power of the Central Plains;

The two Northern Expeditions of the Northern Song Dynasty both ended in failure and attracted retaliation from the Liao State. The Song army finally barely defeated the Liao army in the Battle of Chanzhou, forcing the two sides to negotiate a peace (Chanyuan Alliance);

The two sides signed an agreement: to maintain the existing border, the Liao and Song emperors treated each other as brothers. The Northern Song Dynasty gave Liao a sum of money and goods every year, called "Sui coins".

The war between the Northern Song Empire and the Western Xia Empire

The Xiang clan in the northwest rose to prominence at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and later clashed with the Northern Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty suffered repeated defeats, but the Xixia state was weak and consumed a lot of money;

The two sides finally reached a peace agreement: Xixia retained the title of emperor and at the same time declared itself a vassal to the Northern Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty gave Xixia money and gifts every year, which was called "Suizi".

The manifestations of the "three redundancies" problem in the Northern Song Dynasty

Redundant troops:

The Northern Song Dynasty was defeated in the border wars, but it supported an unprecedentedly large army;

This army was formed through recruitment. It was too many but not good, with chaotic management, lax training, and low quality;

The continuous expansion of the army has led to a sharp increase in military expenditures, accounting for most of the country's financial expenditures.

Redundant officials:

The government agencies in the Northern Song Dynasty overlapped, and too many bureaucrats' children joined the ranks, causing the ranks of the bureaucracy to continue to expand.

Redundancy:

Maintaining soldiers and officials became a heavy burden on the court, and the financial situation worsened day by day.

Political and military PPT of the two Song dynasties, the third part: reform to strengthen the country

Wang Anshi's Reform

Historical figure: Fan Zhongyan

Fan Zhongyan (989-1052) was a famous politician, thinker, military strategist and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was known as "Fan Wenzhenggong" in the world.

Implement the "Qingli New Deal" to rectify the administration of officials, clean up unqualified and incompetent officials, and crack down on corrupt officials.

The Qingli New Deal seriously offended the interests of the bureaucracy, preventing officials from "making money while lying down" and triggering collective confrontation. They were impeached and demoted on the charge of "cronyism".

Contents of Wang Anshi's Reform

For rich countries:

By providing agricultural loans to farmers and allocating huge sums of money to engage in agricultural operations, the government strives to open up financial resources while regulating the economy;

In terms of strong troops:

The establishment management and military training of farmers are carried out in the hope of gradually restoring the conscription system of "military-peasant integration" and replacing the conscription system.

The Influence of Wang Anshi’s Reform

Wang Anshi's reform achieved the goal of enriching the country and increased a large amount of income, but the effect of strengthening the army was not obvious, and the development of the Northern Song Dynasty and Xixia ended in failure;

Some measures have increased the burden on the people during their implementation and have also caused heated debates;

The divisions within the ruling group became increasingly serious, and the Northern Song Dynasty gradually declined.

Political and military PPT of the two Song Dynasties, part 4: A corner of peace

Pianan in the Southern Song Dynasty

The War between the Southern Song Empire and the Jin Dynasty

In 1127, the Jin Dynasty attacked and destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty and captured Song Huizong and Song Qinzong, which was known as the "Jingkang Incident" in history. Zhao Gou, King Kang of the Northern Song Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor, which was known as the Southern Song Dynasty in history;

In the process of confronting the Jin Dynasty, the Song Army formed several more combat-effective troops, such as the troops of Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun, and Yang Yizhong's imperial guards in front of the palace, etc.;

However, the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty wanted to stop the war with the Jin Dynasty, so they reached a peace agreement (Shaoxing Peace Agreement) on the premise of killing Yue Fei;

It was agreed in the peace treaty that a line starting from the Huai River in the east and ending at Dashanguan in the west would be demarcated. The Southern Song Dynasty would claim vassalage to the Jin Dynasty and pay a sum of property to the Jin Dynasty every year, called "yearly tribute";

Later, several more wars broke out between the Song and Jin Dynasties. The status of the Southern Song Dynasty improved slightly, and it no longer bowed to the Jin Dynasty. Instead, it became a "nephew country" and continued to maintain the confrontation between the north and the south.

Historical Figure: Yue Fei

Yue Fei (1103-1142), a famous general who fought against the Jin Dynasty, was a famous strategist, calligrapher, and hero against the Jin Dynasty in Chinese history. He ranked first among the four generals of the Zhongxing Dynasty in the Southern Song Dynasty. He once served as the Xuanfu envoy and Yingtian ambassador of Hubei and Beijing South Road.

"The Xuanfu envoy is not always in place. He is in charge of announcing Wei Ling, Fusui border, commanding the generals, and supervising the military matters. He is filled by the ministers of the second government." - "History of Song Dynasty Official Records"

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"Politics and Military in the Two Song Dynasties" PPT teaching courseware:

"Politics and Military in the Two Song Dynasties" The coexistence of multi-ethnic regimes in the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties and the unification of the Yuan Dynasty PPT teaching courseware Part 1 content: New lesson introduction: Telling historical stories "The Chronicles of Taizu in the History of the Song Dynasty": All schools were listed in the court and said: All armies Without a master, I would like to make the Taiwei the emperor. Not enough...

"Politics and Military in the Two Song Dynasties" PPT download:

"Politics and Military in the Two Song Dynasties" The coexistence of the multi-ethnic regimes of the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties and the unification of the Yuan Dynasty PPT download Part 1 content: Course objectives: 1. Understand the strengthening of authoritarian centralization in the early Song Dynasty 2. Understand the two Song Dynasties and the border ethnic minorities Confrontation situation 3. Understand the king...