"Particles Constituting Matter" PPT courseware on the composition of matter

Description

"Particles Constituting Matter" PPT courseware on the composition of matter

1. Matter is composed of particles

(1) Properties of particles constituting matter

1. The particles that make up matter are in constant motion.

2. There is a certain distance between the particles that make up the substance.

2. Particles constituting matter

Atoms are the smallest particles in chemical changes

1. Relative atomic mass

The relative atomic mass of an atom = the actual mass of the atom/the actual mass of the carbon-12 atom × 1/12

Exercise: Try to calculate the relative atomic mass of aluminum atoms

Emphasis: Relative atomic mass has no unit

2. Atomic structure

Atomic number = Nuclear charge = Number of protons = Electrons outside the nucleus

Relative atomic mass = number of protons + number of neutrons

3. Schematic diagram of atomic structure

(1) Hierarchical arrangement of electrons outside the nucleus

Can be divided into: one, two, three, four, five, six and seven levels

Also known as: K L M N O P Q layer

Energy: from high to low

Distance from the core: from near to far

(2) Arrangement rules

①. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in each electron shell is 2n.

For example, the first layer n=1, the maximum number of electrons it can accommodate is 2×1² =2

The second layer n=2 can accommodate up to 2×2² =8 electrons.

The third layer n=3 can accommodate up to 2×3² =18 electrons.

②. The number of electrons in the outermost layer does not exceed 8, the number of electrons in the second outer layer does not exceed 18, and the number of electrons in the third to last layer does not exceed 32.

③. The total number of electrons is arranged from the electron layer with low energy to the electron layer with high energy from the inside to the outside.

(2) Molecule

Molecules are the smallest particles that maintain the chemical properties of matter

1. A molecule is a particle that makes up matter.

For example: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other substances are made of molecules.

2.Molecular composition

Molecules are made of atoms

3. Relative molecular mass

Relative molecular mass of Fe3 O4 = 56×3 +16×4 = 232

Class exercise: Calculate the relative molecular mass of the following substances

CO2 Ca(OH)2 H2O P2O5

5: Mixtures and pure substances

Mixture: macro concept: a mixture of two or more substances;

Microscopic concept: composed of different kinds of molecules.

Pure substance: Macroscopic concept: composed of a substance.

Microscopic concept: composed of the same kind of molecules.

Operation

1. Atoms are _______________________.

It is composed of ________ and ________, in which the nucleus is composed of _____ and ______. Each ______ carries 1 unit of positive charge. _________ is uncharged.

2. Compared with Cl atom, the difference between Cl- ion and Cl atom is ( )

A. Number of electron layers B. Number of nuclear charges C. Total number of electrons D. Number of neutrons

3. It is known that there are n protons in the nucleus of a certain ion, then the following inference is correct ( )

A. Its relative atomic mass is n B. Its number of extranuclear electrons is n

C. Its nucleus carries n units of positive charge D. Its extranuclear electrons are arranged in n layers

4. Among the following groups of particles, the group with the same number of protons and electrons is:

A.Na and Al B.NH3 and H2O C.Al and Ne D.S2- and Cl-

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Update Time: 2024-10-20

This template belongs to Chemistry courseware Hunan Education Edition Ninth Grade Chemistry Volume 1 industry PPT template

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