"Obtaining Organic Compounds from Fossil Fuels" Simple Organic Compounds PPT (Lesson 1)

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"Obtaining Organic Compounds from Fossil Fuels" Simple Organic Compounds PPT (Lesson 1)

Part 1: Essential knowledge and foundation of literacy

1. Natural gas and coal are directly used as fuel

1. Fossil fuels

(1)Meaning: Fossil fuels are also called _______________, including _______________, and belong to _________ energy.

(2)Existing problems:

① There is a crisis of gradual depletion of fossil fuels;

②Environmental problems caused: such as greenhouse effect, toxic gas and dust pollution, etc.

2. Natural gas

(1) Main ingredient: methane. In addition, the main components of biogas, tunnel gas (gas), and natural gas hydrate (combustible ice) are also methane.

(2) Physical properties of methane

(3) Combustion of methane

The chemical equation is ____________________. Under normal circumstances, complete combustion of 1 mol CH4 can release _______ heat, making it an excellent gaseous fuel.

【Situation·Thinking】

my country's trial mining of "combustible ice" in the Shenhu Sea Area in the northern part of the South China Sea was successful, marking my country's becoming the first country in the world to achieve continuous and stable output in trial mining of combustible ice in the sea, and a step forward for the mining of combustible ice. An important step.

Combustible ice is an ice-like crystalline substance formed by natural gas and water under low temperature (0~10℃) and high pressure (>107 Pa) conditions, also known as natural gas hydrate.

Some people think that "the mining and utilization of flammable ice has realized the dream of turning water into oil." Is this correct?

Hint: Wrong. Because combustible ice contains CH4 and H2O, combustible ice is not only H2O. The combustible component CH4 in combustible ice can burn.

3. Coal

(1) Composition of coal

(2) Problems faced by coal burning:

Direct coal burning will produce some atmospheric pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, smoke, etc. Therefore, the main problems faced by coal burning are ① how to reduce coal burning pollution and improve the thermal efficiency of coal burning; ② comprehensive utilization of coal.

【Smart Judgment】

(1) The purity of methane needs to be checked before igniting it. ()

Tips:√. The purity of flammable gases needs to be checked before igniting to prevent the explosion of mixed gases.

(2) Coal is commonly known as coal, so it can be regarded as a simple substance formed from carbon element. ()

Tip:×. Coal is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds.

(3) Coal mainly contains carbon and a small amount of other elements, but most of it contains sulfur. Burning large amounts of sulfur-containing fuels in industry will cause "acid rain". ()

Tips:√. The sulfur element in coal will generate SO2 gas when burned, and SO2 gas is the main pollutant that forms acid rain.

2. Obtaining fuel from oil

1. Composition of petroleum

2. Refining of petroleum

3. Write the corresponding chemical equation as required

(1) A cracking method of hexadecane: ____________________.

(2) Combustion of octane:____________________.

【Smart Judgment】

(1) Petroleum has a fixed boiling point, so it can be fractionated. ()

Tip:×. Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different numbers of carbon atoms and has no fixed boiling point.

(2) The gasoline components obtained by fractionation and cracking are exactly the same. ()

Tip:×. The cracking of petroleum is a chemical change. Cracked gasoline contains unsaturated hydrocarbons, and fractionated gasoline contains petroleum gas, kerosene, etc.

(3) The main purpose of petroleum cracking is to obtain short-chain unsaturated hydrocarbons. ()

Tips:√. Petroleum cracking can produce short-chain unsaturated hydrocarbons such as ethylene and propylene.

Obtaining organic compounds from fossil fuels PPT, Part 2 content: Key capabilities and literacy formation

Knowledge point 1: Refining of petroleum

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. Simple process flow diagram of petroleum refining

2. Comparison between straight-run gasoline and cracked gasoline

[Knowledge Expansion] Understand the refining of petroleum

(1) The smaller the external pressure, the lower the boiling point of the substance, and the fraction that should boil at a very high temperature can boil at a lower temperature, thus obtaining a high boiling point fraction. On the one hand, it reduces production costs, and on the other hand, it reduces the possibility of carbonization during atmospheric fractionation.

(2) The cracking and cracking of petroleum are both decomposition reactions of alkanes, and cracking is deep cracking, and the temperature used is higher than that of cracking.

(3) Alkenes are generated during the decomposition reaction of alkanes, so the components of cracked gasoline contain olefins, which can cause bromine water or bromine carbon tetrachloride solution to fade.

【Think·Discussion】

(1) Are the products obtained after fractionation and cracking of petroleum pure?

Hint: No. The product obtained by fractionation and cracking of petroleum is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, rather than a single pure product.

(2) Are both straight-run gasoline (petroleum fractionation products) and cracked gasoline suitable for bromine extraction experiments?

Tip: Cracked gasoline contains olefins, which can undergo addition reactions with bromine, and are not suitable for bromine extraction experiments. The main component of straight-run gasoline is alkanes and does not contain olefins, so it is suitable for bromine extraction experiments.

【Case Demonstration】

[Typical example] (2019·Xianyang Senior High School Test) Among the following statements about petroleum processing, the incorrect one is ()

A. The product obtained by petroleum fractionation is a pure product with a constant boiling point

B. The purpose of petroleum cracking is to improve the production and quality of light fuels such as gasoline

C. The raw materials for petroleum cracking are petroleum fractionation products, including petroleum gas

D. The fractionation of petroleum is a physical change process

[Problem Solving Guide] You should pay attention to the following two points when answering this question:

(1) Pay attention to distinguishing the differences in petroleum refining methods;

(2) Petroleum and petroleum fractionation products are mixtures.

[Analysis] Choose A. The fractions obtained by fractional distillation of petroleum are products with different boiling point ranges and are still mixtures. Item A is wrong and items B and C are correct. Among the common refining methods of petroleum, fractionation is a physical change, while cracking and cracking are chemical changes. D The item is correct.

【Migration·Application】

(2019 Liupanshui Senior High School Test) Which of the following statements about oil is incorrect ()

A. Petroleum mainly contains two elements: C and H

B. Petroleum is mainly a mixture of various alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons

C. Petroleum has a fixed melting point

D. The gasoline obtained by fractionating petroleum is a mixture

[Analysis] Choose C. Petroleum is a mixture composed of various alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons; the mixture has no fixed melting and boiling points; the fraction obtained by fractionation of petroleum is a mixture.

Knowledge point 2: Determining the molecular formula of hydrocarbons

[Key points to clarify doubts]

As long as the amount of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms in 1 mol of hydrocarbon molecules is calculated, the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon can be written.

【Think·Discussion】

(1) If an organic substance only produces CO2 and H2O after complete combustion, is the organic substance necessarily a hydrocarbon?

Tip: Not necessarily. The products after combustion are only CO2 and H2O, indicating that the organic matter contains carbon and hydrogen elements, but it may also contain oxygen elements, so it cannot be determined to be hydrocarbons.

(2) Once the molecular formula of an organic substance is determined, can its structure be determined?

Tip: Not necessarily. Due to the existence of isomerism, after determining the molecular formula of an organic substance, it is necessary to determine its possible structure through the structural characteristics and properties of the organic substance.

【Case Demonstration】

[Typical example] Write the molecular formula of each of the following hydrocarbons.

(1) The density of vapor of alkane A at the same temperature and pressure is 36 times that of H2. The molecular formula of A is ________.

(2) When 20 mL of a certain gaseous alkane is completely burned, exactly 100 mL of oxygen is consumed at the same temperature and pressure. The molecular formula of the alkane is ________.

[Problem Solving Guide] You should pay attention to the following two points when answering this question:

(1) Pay attention to the formula for calculating relative molecular mass using relative density;

(2) The general molecular formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2.

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For more information about the PPT courseware "Simple Organic Compounds Obtaining Organic Compounds from Fossil Fuels and Obtaining Fuels from Natural Gas, Petroleum and Coal", please click Simple Organic Compounds ppt Obtaining Organic Compounds from Fossil Fuels ppt Obtaining Fuels from Natural Gas, Petroleum and Coal ppt label.

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Update Time: 2024-09-16

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