"Motion of Planets" Gravity and Space Navigation PPT Courseware

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"Motion of Planets" Gravity and Space Navigation PPT Courseware

Part 1: Essential knowledge and foundation of literacy

1. Two theories

[Thinking] Human beings have geocentric and heliocentric views on the movement of celestial bodies. What are the basic views of the two theories?

Tip: The geocentric theory believes that the earth is stationary; the heliocentric theory believes that the sun is stationary.

1. Geocentric theory: _____ is the center of the universe and is stationary. The sun, moon and other planets all move around _____.

2. Heliocentric theory: _____ is stationary, and the earth and other planets move around the sun.

2. Kepler’s Laws

[Thinking] "The cold autumn light of silver candles paints the screen, and the small light fan flutters at the flowing fireflies. The sky is as cold as water at night, and I lie down to watch Altair and Vega." In the poem, do the movements of Altair and Vega follow certain rules?

Tip: Follow certain rules.

1. Kepler’s first law:

(1) Content: The orbits of all planets moving around the sun are ellipses, and the sun is located on one _____ of the ellipse.

(2)Illustration:

2. Kepler’s second law:

(1) Content: For any planet, the area swept by the line connecting it with the sun in equal time is _____.

(2)Illustration:

3. Kepler’s third law:

(1) The ratio of the cube of the semi-major axis of all planetary orbits to the square of its revolution period _____.

(2) Expression: ___=k (a represents the semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit, T represents the orbital period)

(3)Illustration:

(4) Ratio k

The correct statement about the ratio k is:_______

①The size of k has nothing to do with the sun

②The size of k has nothing to do with the planet

③The size of k is related to the planet

④The size of k is related to the sun

⑤The size of k is related to the linear velocity of the planet

⑥The size of k has nothing to do with the angular velocity of the planet

3. Approximate processing of planetary motion

[Thinking] The orbits of planets are very close to circles. Can we treat them as circular orbits in middle school studies?

Tip: Yes.

1. The orbit of the planet around the sun is very close to a circle, and _____ is at the center of the circle.

2. For a certain planet, the angular velocity (or linear velocity) of its circular motion around the sun remains unchanged, that is, the planet moves ________.

3. The ratio of the cube of the orbit radius r of all planets to the square of its revolution period T is equal, that is, ___=k.

Planetary Movement PPT, Part 2: Key Competencies·Quality Formation

1. Analysis of Kepler’s Laws

1. Kepler’s first law:

(1) Explanation: Although the orbits of each planet are different in size, their common rule is that all planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits, and the sun is located at a common focus of all ellipses, as shown in the figure.

(2) Significance: It denies the statement of planetary circular orbit, establishes the correct orbit theory, and gives the accurate position of the sun.

2. Kepler’s second law:

(1) Explanation: The speed of a planet increases when it is close to the sun and decreases when it moves away from the sun. The speed at perihelion is the largest and the speed at aphelion is the smallest, as shown in the figure.

(2) Significance: It describes the constant changes in the linear velocity of the planet as it moves in its orbit, and clarifies the quantitative relationship between the changes in velocity.

3. Kepler’s third law:

(1) Explanation: The relationship between the period and the semi-major axis of the orbit is revealed. The longer the elliptical orbit radius of the planet, the larger its revolution period; the shorter the elliptical orbit radius of the planet, the smaller its revolution period.

(2) Meaning: The k value in the expression =k has nothing to do with the planet, only the sun. Different galaxies have different constants, and the constants are determined by the central celestial body.

【Think·Discussion】

The Earth's revolution around the sun creates the phenomenon of alternation of seasons. Does the movement of the Earth around the sun follow Kepler's laws of planetary motion? (Scientific thinking)

Tip: Follow.

[Typical example] (Multiple choice) As shown in the figure, "Chang'e-3" orbits the moon in an elliptical orbit, and the orbiting direction is counterclockwise. A and B are the peri-lunar point and the far-lunar point respectively, and C is the orbit. From a point with equal distance from A and B, the following statement is correct ()

A. The operating speed of "Chang'e-3" gradually increases from point A to point B.

B. The operating speed of "Chang'e-3" gradually decreases from point A to point B.

C. The running time of "Chang'e-3" from point A to point C is equal to one quarter cycle

D. The running time of "Chang'e-3" from point A to point C is less than a quarter of a cycle

[Analysis] Choose B or D. According to Kepler's second law, it can be seen that the running speed of "Chang'e-3" gradually decreases from point A to point B. Option A is wrong and B is correct; the average speed of "Chang'e-3" running from point A to point C is greater than that from point A to point C. The average speed of running from point C to point B. It can be seen that the running time from point A to point C is less than a quarter of a cycle. Option C is incorrect and D is correct.

【Literacy Training】

1. Kepler published the laws of planetary motion he discovered in 1609 and 1619 respectively, which were later called Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Regarding Kepler's laws of planetary motion, which of the following statements is correct ()

A. The orbits of all planets around the sun are circles, with the sun at the center of the circle.

B. For any planet, the closer it is to the sun, the greater its speed.

C. The revolution period of the planet is related to the mass of the planet

D. The semi-major axis of the orbit of all planets is proportional to the revolution period

[Analysis] Choose B. According to Kepler's first law: the orbits of all planets around the sun are ellipses, and the sun is at one focus of all ellipses, so A is wrong; according to Kepler's second law: for any planet, it The area connected by the line connecting to the sun is equal in equal time, so for any planet, the closer it is to the sun, the greater the speed, so B is correct; the formula in Kepler's third law = k, it can be seen that the cube of the semi-major axis is proportional to the square of the revolution period. k in the formula is only related to the mass of the central celestial body and has nothing to do with the mass of the planet, so C and D are wrong.

2. (Multiple choice) The orbit of Halley’s Comet around the sun is a relatively flat ellipse. Which of the following statements is correct ()

A. The speed of a comet at perihelion is greater than the speed at aphelion

B. The angular velocity of the comet at perihelion is greater than the angular velocity at aphelion

C. The centripetal acceleration of the comet at perihelion is greater than the centripetal acceleration at aphelion.

D. If the comet’s period is 76 years, its semi-major axis is 76 times the Earth’s orbital radius

2. Application of Kepler’s Laws

1. Scope of application:

(1) It is applicable to both celestial bodies in elliptical motion and celestial bodies in circular motion.

(2) It applies to both celestial bodies moving around the sun and celestial bodies moving around other central celestial bodies.

2. Significance: Kepler's exact description of planetary motion not only provides people with a basis for solving the kinematic problems of planets, but also clarifies people's mysterious and vague understanding of celestial body motion, and also promotes the understanding of celestial body dynamics. research on the problem.

3. Approximate processing: Since the elliptical orbits of planets are approximate to circles, in approximate calculations, it can be considered that the planets all move in uniform circular motions with the sun as the center.

[Typical example demonstration]

The orbits of the eight major planets in the solar system can be approximately regarded as circular orbits. "The square of the planet's orbital period" is proportional to "the cube of the average distance between the planet and the sun". The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is about 150 million kilometers. Based on the table below, we can see that the average distance between Mars and the Sun is about ()

A.120 million kilometers B.230 million kilometers

C.460 million kilometers D.690 million kilometers

【Literacy Training】

1. (2018·National Volume III) In order to detect gravitational waves, the "Tianqin Project" is expected to launch the earth satellite P, whose orbit radius is about 16 times the radius of the earth, and the orbit radius of another earth satellite Q, which is about 4 times the radius of the earth. times, the ratio of the periods of P and Q is approximately ()

A.2:1 B.4:1

C.8∶1 D.16∶1

2. Saturn has a diameter of 119,300 km and is the second largest planet in the solar system. Its rotation period is only 10 h 39 min, its revolution period is 29.4 years, and it is 1.432×109 km away from the sun. The most striking thing about Saturn is its huge rings around the equator. On Earth, people only need a small telescope to clearly see the ring. The outer diameter of the ring is about 274,000 km. From the information provided above, please estimate how far the Earth is from the Sun. (Keep 3 significant figures)

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"Motion of Planets" Gravity and Space Navigation PPT high-quality courseware:

"Motion of the Planets" Gravity and Space Navigation PPT High-quality Courseware Part One: Core Competency Objectives Physical Concepts Understand the geocentric and heliocentric theories, and know the content of Kepler's three laws of planetary motion. Scientific Thinking Master the application of the laws of planetary motion. division..

"Motion of Planets" Gravity and Space Navigation PPT Excellent Courseware:

"Motion of the Planets" Gravity and Space Navigation PPT Excellent Courseware Part One Content: Learning Objectives 1. Understand the main contents and representative figures of geocentrism and heliocentrism. 2. Understand Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and know k in Kepler's third law The size of the value is only related to the...

"Motion of Planets" Gravity and Space Navigation PPT:

"Motion of Planets" Gravity and Space Navigation PPT Part One Content: Learning Objectives 1. Understand the history of human understanding of the laws of planetary motion 2. Know that observation is an important method for studying the laws of planetary motion 3. Know how to draw ellipses and ellipses Characteristics..

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Update Time: 2024-10-19

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