"Integration of this Chapter" Nature and Transformation of Matter PPT

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"Integration of this Chapter" Nature and Transformation of Matter PPT

Part One: Breakthrough 1

Analysis of the oxidizing properties of acids and the concepts of oxidizing acids

The oxidizing property of acid essentially refers to the oxidizing property of hydrogen ions. Any acid has the ability to ionize H+ to varying degrees. H+ obtains electrons to generate H2 under certain conditions. Therefore, in some reactions, when acid is used as the oxidant, H+ is actually used as the oxidant. For example, the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid can be expressed by the ionic equation Zn+2H+ === Zn2++H2↑.

Oxidizing acids are acids in which the central atom of the acid ion shows oxidizing properties. After the acid ion obtains electrons, the valence of the central atom decreases, forming corresponding low-priced oxygen-containing compounds or even elemental substances. For example, the reaction between concentrated sulfuric acid and Cu: Cu+2H2SO4 (concentrated) CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2O. Reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid and charcoal: C+2H2SO4 (concentrated) CO2↑+2SO2↑+2H2O. Reaction of nitric acid and zinc: 4Zn+10HNO3 (very dilute) 4Zn(NO3)2+N2O↑+5H2O, 4Zn+10HNO3 (very dilute) 4Zn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+3H2O. Reaction of concentrated nitric acid with charcoal, elemental sulfur, phosphorus, etc.

As an oxidizing acid, it can not only oxidize metals but also certain non-metallic elements. The oxidizing ability of acid, that is, the oxidizing ability of H+, is weak and can only oxidize more active metals (that is, the metals in front of hydrogen in the order of metal activity).

Which of the following statements is incorrect ()

A. The reddish-brown gas in test tube II is NO2, which is produced by the reduction of nitric acid.

B. When the same mass of Cu is completely dissolved, more HNO3 is consumed in the II test tube

C. Repeat the experiment after replacing Cu with Fe. The reaction in test tube II is still more violent.

D. The color of the solution in test tube II is different from that in test tube I because NO2 is dissolved

Answer:C

Analysis: Cu reacts with dilute nitric acid in test tube I to generate NO, and then NO reacts with oxygen to generate reddish-brown gas NO2. The reddish-brown gas in test tube II is NO2, which is produced by the reduction of nitric acid. A is correct; when copper reacts with dilute nitric acid, 3 mol Cu consumes 8 mol nitric acid; when copper reacts with concentrated nitric acid, 1 mol Cu consumes 4 mol nitric acid, then etc. When the mass of Cu is completely dissolved, more HNO3 is consumed in test tube II, B is correct; Fe is passivated when exposed to concentrated nitric acid at room temperature, then after replacing Cu with Fe, the reaction in test tube II is not obvious, C is wrong; nitrogen dioxide is Reddish-brown gas, the color of the solution after reaction in test tube II is different from that in test tube I, because NO2 is dissolved, D is correct.

Point Training 1-1 Which of the following facts is incorrectly explained ()

A. The paper turns black after dropping concentrated sulfuric acid, indicating that concentrated sulfuric acid has dehydrating properties.

B. Concentrated nitric acid turns yellow under light, and the yellow color can be eliminated by introducing O2

C. At room temperature, concentrated nitric acid can be stored in aluminum cans, indicating that aluminum does not react with concentrated nitric acid.

D. Concentrated sulfuric acid does not react with copper at room temperature and can only react when heated.

Answer:C

Analysis: Concentrated nitric acid turns yellow under light because concentrated nitric acid decomposes under light to produce NO2. When O2 is introduced, the reaction 4NO2+O2+2H2O === 4HNO3, B is correct; at room temperature, aluminum is produced in concentrated nitric acid. Passivation, so concentrated nitric acid can be stored in aluminum cans, but passivation is a chemical change, and C is incorrect.

This chapter integrates PPT, the second part of the content: Breakthrough 2

Ideas and methods for solving inference questions about non-metallic elements and their compounds

The inference of elements and their compounds is to connect scattered knowledge points into lines and webs, which can effectively test thinking abilities such as abstraction, differentiation, divergence and convergence.

1. Solve the problem in "five steps"

①Review: Review the meaning of the question clearly, quickly browse through the question stem → question → block diagram, try to express the relevant information in the block diagram, and clarify the solution requirements.

②Find: Find the "eye of the problem", that is, find the breakthrough point to solve the problem. This step is very critical.

③Analysis: Starting from the question, connect new information and old knowledge learned, make bold guesses, follow the clues, apply forward and reverse thinking, divergent and convergent thinking, horizontal and vertical thinking and other thinking methods, conduct comprehensive analysis and reasoning, and initially obtain draw conclusions.

④ Verification: Verify and confirm, substitute the results into the original question for verification, and it will be considered correct if it is completely consistent.

⑤Answer: Write the answer according to the requirements of the question.

2. The key to solving the problem is to find the "breakthrough" in solving the problem and grasp the word "special"

(1)Characteristic phenomena

① Colored gases: Cl2 (yellow-green), NO2 (red-brown), bromine vapor (red-brown), etc.

② Gases with bleaching effect: Cl2 (when there is water), SO2, etc.

③ Gases whose flame turns light blue when ignited in the air: CH4, CO, H2, etc.

④ Gases that can usually be used as protective gases: N2 and Ar, etc.

⑤The only gas that is alkaline when dissolved in water is NH3.

⑥The only gas that quickly changes from colorless to reddish brown in the air is NO.

⑦ It must contain substances that can react with hydrochloric acid to produce colorless and odorless gas, and can produce white turbidity when the gas is passed into clear lime water.

⑧Substances that can react with hydrochloric acid to produce a colorless gas with a pungent odor, and can cause the gas to fade when passed into a magenta solution, and return to the original color after heating must contain substances

This chapter integrates PPT, the third part: Breakthrough Three

Preparation of common gases

1. Analytical ideas about gas preparation experiments

2. Preparation of common gases

4. Gas purification

Impurity gases that are easily soluble in water can be absorbed by water, acidic gas impurities can be absorbed by alkaline substances, and alkaline gas impurities can be absorbed by acidic substances. Substances that can react with impurity gases to form precipitates or soluble substances can also be used as absorbents. Water If it is impurity, it can be absorbed by desiccant.

5. Gas collection

(1) Design principle: Select the collection device based on the solubility or density of the gas.

(2) Basic types of collection devices

6. Exhaust gas treatment device

If the exhaust gas contains flammable, explosive, toxic or pungent smelling gases, an exhaust gas treatment device needs to be added to prevent the gas from being discharged into the air and polluting the environment. Common exhaust gas treatment devices are as follows:

Note: For gases with high solubility, avoid sucking back when absorbing. Common anti-backdraft devices include the following improvements (taking the absorption of NH3 as an example, the unspecified liquid is water).

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