"Inorganic Non-metallic Materials" Important non-metallic elements in chemical production PPT

"Inorganic Non-metallic Materials" Important non-metallic elements in chemical production PPT

Part 1: Essential knowledge and foundation of literacy

1. Silicate materials

1. Inorganic non-metallic materials

2. Traditional inorganic non-metallic materials

【Micro thinking】

Ordinary glass is made from soda ash, limestone and quartz sand as raw materials, which are mixed, crushed, melted in a glass kiln, and undergo complex physical and chemical changes. Can you write a chemical equation for the reaction that occurs?

Tip: From the composition of raw materials and glass and the reaction conditions of "melting", it can be known that the reaction

The corresponding chemical equation is

SiO2+Na2CO3 Na2SiO3+CO2↑,

SiO2+CaCO3 CaSiO3+CO2↑.

2. New inorganic non-metallic materials

1. Silicon and silica

(1) The existence and structure of silicon element

(2) Preparation of elemental silicon:

【Micro thinking】

Industrially, crude silicon is produced by reacting coke and SiO2 at high temperatures. Does this mean that carbon is more reducible than silicon?

Tip: No. Comparing the strength of oxidizing and reducing properties must be reactions that occur under normal circumstances. The above reactions occur under high temperature conditions, so the strength of reducing properties cannot be compared.

(3)Uses of silicon and silica

2. New ceramics

3. Carbon nanomaterials

Carbon nanomaterials have broad application prospects in _______________ and other fields.

【Situation·Thinking】

Judging from the history of the development of ceramic materials, it has experienced three leaps. This is the first leap from pottery to porcelain; the development from traditional ceramics to fine ceramics is the second leap; the particles of fine ceramic powder are larger and belong to the micron level (10-6 m). Use new preparation methods to make ceramics The powder particles are processed to the nanometer level, and the ultra-fine powder particles are used to make ceramic materials to obtain a new generation of nano-ceramics. This is the third leap in ceramic materials. Nanoceramics are ductile and some even appear superplastic. Nanoceramics are called 21st century ceramics.

Try to analyze what are the advantages of traditional inorganic non-metallic materials and new inorganic non-metallic materials?

Tip: Comparison between traditional inorganic non-metallic materials and new inorganic non-metallic materials: Traditional inorganic non-metallic materials have the advantages of stable properties, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, etc., but they are brittle and cannot withstand thermal shock. In addition to the advantages of traditional inorganic non-metallic materials, new inorganic non-metallic materials also have certain characteristics such as high strength, electrical, optical properties and biological functions.

Key capabilities and literacy formation

Knowledge point Comparison of properties of carbon dioxide and silica

[Key points to clarify doubts]

Comparison of properties of carbon dioxide and silica

[Knowledge Expansion] "Nine Anomalies" in the Properties of Silicon and Its Compounds

(1) The main valences of carbon group elements are generally +2 and +4, while silicon is most commonly +4.

(2) Silicon is more reducible than carbon, but carbon can reduce silicon from SiO2 at high temperatures.

(3) Non-metallic elements generally do not generate hydrogen when reacting with strong alkalis, but silicon can react with strong alkaline solutions to generate hydrogen.

(4) Non-metallic elements generally do not react with non-oxidizing acids, but silicon can not only react with hydrofluoric acid, but also generate H2 (similar to the replacement reaction of more active metals and acids), Si+4HF==== SiF4↑+2H2↑.

(5) SiO2 is an acid anhydride of H2SiO3, but it is insoluble in water and cannot be directly reacted with water to prepare H2SiO3.

(6) The melting and boiling points of non-metal oxides are generally low, but the melting and boiling points of SiO2 are very high.

【Think·Discussion】

(1) The reagent bottles containing NaOH solution are usually glass bottles with rubber stoppers. Do you know why this is?

Tip: The stopper of the reagent bottle is usually frosted glass, which easily reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium silicate solution, which makes the stopper and the bottle wall bond together and is difficult to open. Therefore, the reagent bottle containing NaOH solution is usually a glass bottle. Rubber stopper.

(2) SiO2 can react with both NaOH solution and hydrofluoric acid. Can SiO2 be considered an amphoteric oxide?

Tip: SiO2 is not an amphoteric oxide. Amphoteric oxides refer to oxides that can react with both acids and bases to form salts and water. SiO2 can react with hydrofluoric acid, but does not produce salt or water.

【Case Demonstration】

[Typical example] (2019·Jiaxing Grade 1 Test) Which of the following statements is correct ()

A.CO2 and SiO2 are both acidic oxides, so their physical properties are similar.

B. Because CaCO3+SiO2 CaSiO3+CO2↑, silicic acid is more acidic than carbonic acid

C.CO2 and SiO2 can react with carbon and both act as oxidants

D.SiO2 can react with both NaOH and HF, so silica is an amphoteric oxide

[Problem-solving guide] You should pay attention to the following three points when answering this question:

(1) CO2 and SiO2 have certain similarities and differences in properties.

(2) Since the reaction between SiO2 and HF is a special property of SiO2, SiO2 does not react with other acids, so SiO2 is not an amphoteric oxide.

(3) When SiO2, CO2 react with C, both SiO2 and CO2 show oxidizing properties.

[Analysis] Choose C. CO2 and SiO2 are both acidic oxides with similar chemical properties, but their physical properties are very different. Item A is wrong; Silicic acid is weaker than H2CO3. The reaction occurs because CO2 is a gas and can leave the reaction system. Item B Wrong; both CO2 and SiO2 act as oxidants when reacting with C, item C is correct; SiF4 generated when SiO2 reacts with HF is not a salt, so SiO2 is not an amphoteric oxide, item D is wrong.

[Motif Question] (1) Use chemical equations to explain the acidity of carbonic acid and silicic acid.

Tip: Pour CO2 gas into the sodium silicate solution to react Na2SiO3+

CO2+H2O====H2SiO3↓+Na2CO3, according to the principle of "stronger acid makes weaker acid", it can be seen that carbonic acid is more acidic than silicic acid.

Inorganic non-metallic materials PPT, the second part of the content: topic exploration·quality improvement

Project task: Use the knowledge of sulfur and its compounds, nitrogen and its compounds as a carrier to solve the problem of acid rain prevention and control

【Situation Creation】

Liuzhou's Butterfly Change: From "Acid Rain Capital" to "Livable Flower City" In the 1980s and 1990s, traditional heavy industries gathered in Liuzhou, Guangxi, and the extensive development model caused severe pollution of the atmosphere. The annual frequency of acid rain was as high as 98%. It is listed as one of the four "acid rain cities" in the country. As the largest industrial base in Guangxi and an important industrial town in southwest China, Liuzhou has been striving to find a balance between industrial development and environmental protection for many years, and has now become a model city that implements the concept of green development. In the past 20 years, Liuzhou City has transformed from an "acid rain city" into a "livable flower city" through acid rain control, ecological construction and new industrialization exploration.

Under the guidance of the concept of green development, Liuzhou has achieved the unity of economic benefits and environmental benefits, the positive interaction between industrial development and the ecological environment, and has embarked on a new development path of an "ecological industrial city". Today, Liuzhou has become a national low-carbon pilot city and a national circular economy demonstration city.

[Interpretation of literacy]

1. Core competencies:

(1) Awareness of scientific inquiry and innovation: Ability to discover and raise questions of inquiry value, and to design inquiry plans based on the research purpose based on questions and hypotheses.

(2) Scientific attitude and social responsibility: Awareness of exploring the unknown and advocating truth; awareness of sustainable development of saving resources and protecting the environment.

2. Literacy goals:

Through the exploration and study of the topic, we will master the relevant knowledge of sulfur, nitrogen and their compounds, initially develop an awareness of green applications, and enhance our sense of social responsibility.

【Literacy Research】

[Study 1] Analysis of acid rain components

1. A classmate looked up the information and learned that acid rain refers to rain, snow or other forms of precipitation with a pH less than 5.6. During the formation and falling process of rain, snow, etc., they absorb and dissolve sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and other substances in the air, forming acidic precipitation with a pH lower than 5.6. Acid rain in China is mostly sulfuric acid rain and less nitric acid rain. In addition, exhaust gases emitted by various motor vehicles are also an important cause of acid rain.

(1) Acid rain refers to rain, snow or other forms of precipitation with a pH less than 5.6. 5.6 is used as the standard because the pH of normal rainwater is about 5.6. Please analyze the reason.

Tip: The air contains CO2, and CO2 reacts with rainwater to form carbonic acid, so the pH of rainwater is about 5.6.

(2) How is "nitric acid type acid rain" formed?

Tip: Nitrogen oxides NO2 and NO react with rainwater to generate nitric acid, making the pH of rainwater less than 5.6. The reactions that occur are 2NO+O2==== 2NO2, 3NO2+H2O====2HNO3+NO.

[Exploration 2] Selection of measures to prevent acid rain

2. After nearly 20 years of management, the sulfur dioxide content in Liuzhou’s air reached the standard in 2006.

(1) Passing the waste gas generated by coal combustion into CaCO3 and water to form a slurry can achieve a good desulfurization effect and produce gypsum as a by-product. Try to write a chemical equation for the reaction.

Tip: Since sulfurous acid is more acidic than carbonic acid, the reaction that occurs is SO2+ CaCO3====CaSO3+CO2, and CaSO3 is oxidized by oxygen: 2CaSO3+O2====2CaSO4.

(2) In order to continue fighting the environmental protection war, the Liuzhou Municipal Government promotes green and low-carbon travel methods and strongly supports the production and use of local clean vehicles. If pure electric vehicles are used, these measures can greatly reduce vehicle exhaust emissions. What are the main polluting gases in vehicle exhaust? What are the main environmental hazards caused?

(3) In order to completely restore the urban ecology and further transform the urban landscape, Liuzhou City not only subtracted "energy conservation and emission reduction", but also added "green coverage" and implemented a series of urban greening construction projects. What ideas of environmental governance do these practices embody?

Tip: Liuzhou City’s approach reflects two measures of environmental governance: ① Control the amount of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen compounds entering the atmosphere, soil and water; ② Enhance the ecosystem’s ability to absorb carbon, sulfur and nitrogen compounds.

[Exploration 3] Migration Application

3. Algae bloom refers to a natural ecological phenomenon in which algae proliferate in freshwater bodies. It is a phenomenon that causes water bodies to appear blue or green after algae proliferate in large quantities. Can you explain why? What can be done to prevent this from happening?

[Quality Evaluation]

1. Scientific attitude and social responsibility - Level 2: Use the chemical knowledge and methods learned to explain simple chemical problems in production and life; gradually form concepts of cost saving, recycling, and environmental protection in practice.

2. Awareness of scientific inquiry and innovation - Level 4: Ability to propose comprehensive inquiry topics based on literature and actual needs, propose multiple inquiry plans based on hypotheses, and evaluate and optimize plans.

3. Scientific attitude and social responsibility - Level 3: Have the concept of integrating theory with practice, have the awareness to apply chemical results to production and life, and be able to use the learned chemical knowledge and methods to solve simple problems in production and life based on actual conditions. Chemistry problem.

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