"Have the Chinese lost their self-confidence?" PPT courseware 9

"Have the Chinese lost their self-confidence?" PPT courseware 9

argumentative essay

Three elements: argument, argument, argument

Arguments: factual arguments, rational arguments

Argument methods: example argument, logical argument, comparative argument, metaphor argument

Argument method: Argument, refutation

Argumentation: an article style that uses argumentation as the main mode of expression and directly expresses one's own views and opinions by telling facts and presenting reasons.

Refute: Disclose or refute a wrong point of view with a correct point of view, thereby further clarifying and establishing the correct point of view.

The general structure of a thesis is:

1. Put forward arguments: what it is and what it is not; what it wants and what it does not want.

2. Make an argument: why, how.

3. Make a conclusion: So what is it and what is it not; what is it and what is it not?

The general structure of a refutation paper is:

1. Put forward wrong arguments, arguments or arguments (Treat targets)

2. Refuting wrong arguments, arguments or arguments (shooting targets)

3. Indicate the essence or harm of the error (knock down the target)

Put forward your own correct arguments from the front

Use positive arguments to prove your point

learning target

1. Master the pronunciation and meaning of new words;

2. Find out the content structure and writing ideas of the article, and learn how to write refutations;

3. Carry forward the spirit of patriotism and enhance national self-confidence.

Key words

Xuanxu xuan is a deceptive method that uses confusing forms to conceal the truth.

To deceive and deceive.

Nostalgic for the past and sad for the present. Remembering the things of the past makes you sad for the things of the present.

Ask for orders for the people to save their lives or relieve their hardships.

about the author

This article is selected from "Qiejieting Essays", written by Lu Xun (1881-1936), whose original name was Zhou Shuren and whose courtesy name was Hencai. Lu Xun was the pen name he started using when writing for (New Youth) in 1918. A native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang. A great writer, thinker and revolutionary.

Time backgroud:

This article was written on September 25, 1934, exactly the third anniversary of the September 18th Incident. At that time, some people spread pessimistic views about the future of the war against Japan and accused the Chinese of losing their self-confidence. This would only undermine their fighting spirit and make them willing to become slaves to the country's subjugation. Lu Xun's article was written to refute this erroneous argument and to inspire the nation's self-confidence.

Read paragraphs 1-2 and answer the questions

1. This is a refutation, so what are the other party’s arguments presented in the first and second paragraphs of the article? What are the other party’s arguments? (Find it in the text and underline it)

2. Use one sentence to summarize the main content of the first two paragraphs of the article.

Present the other side’s arguments and arguments.

1. (1-2) Present the other party’s arguments and arguments

argument

Two years ago: Boasting a "vast land and abundant resources"

Soon: Just hope for the League of Nations

Now: Just pray to God and worship Buddha

Argument: Chinese people have lost their self-confidence

2. (3-5) Direct refutation

What is lost is "his credibility"

Developing “self-deception”

3. (6-8) Indirect refutation

Argument: We are concerned about the Chinese people not losing their self-confidence.

Argument: From ancient times to the present, there has been a confident “backbone of China”

language inquiry

1. Analyze the meaning of "Chinese" in the following sentences and explain what "number one prime minister" and "underground" refer to.

(1) When talking about Chinese people, we must not be deceived by the self-deceptive powder applied on the surface, but look at their muscles, bones and backbone. Whether you have self-confidence or not, the articles written by the number one prime minister are not enough evidence. You have to look under the ground for yourself.

(2) However, under this shroud, we have Chinese people who have not lost their self-confidence.

(3) The Chinese are now developing the power of “self-deception.”

(4) So some people lamented: The Chinese people have lost their self-confidence.

(5) If this can be regarded as a kind of "faith", it can only be said that the Chinese once had "other trust". Since being disappointed with the League of Nations, they have lost all this trust.

2. The most ironic text in paragraph 1 is:

"Always boasting", "Only hoping", "Always praying to God and worshiping Buddha, nostalgic for the past will hurt the present", "It is a fact", "It is also a fact", "But it is also a fact"

3. What are the expressive effects of "his faith" and "self-deception"?

Derived from "self-confidence", it is a satire on the reactionary politicians of the Kuomintang and its imperial literati.

The use of imitative rhetorical techniques fully exposes the self-narcosis and self-deception of the enemy's argument, and also enhances the logical power of the article.

Expand your thinking

1. Who does the “backbone of China” in the article refer to? How do you understand it? Can you give an example? What practical significance did the author emphasize then and now?

⑴ "Those who work hard"

Refers to the vast number of working people who are unknown and working hard.

Such as Zu Chongzhi, Li Shizhen and others.

⑵ "A person who works hard"

Refers to those who are not afraid of sacrifice, regardless of gains and losses, and are loyal to the motherland. Such as Yue Fei, Qi Jiguang, Lin Zexu and others.

⑶ "A person who pleads for the people"

Refers to a person who sympathizes with the people, complains about injustice for the people, and upholds justice. Such as Qu Yuan, Bao Gong and others

⑷ "Those who sacrifice themselves to seek the Dharma"

Refers to people who have gone through hardships, sacrificed themselves heroically, and pursued the truth.

Such as Shang Yang, Tan Si and others

2. Why did Lu Xun repeatedly emphasize "the backbone of the Chinese people"?

Only those who can be called the "backbone" are truly Chinese. They think about the people, represent the interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, and will never lose their self-confidence. When evaluating the Chinese people, we should evaluate this group of people. At that time, only the Communist Party of China and the vast number of anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians could be regarded as the "backbone of China", not those mentioned at the beginning.

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