Guangdong and Shanghai version of eighth grade physics volume one

"Try Scientific Inquiry" Entering the World of Physics PPT Courseware

learning target

1. Understand the basic processes and steps of scientific inquiry

2. Learn the basic methods of scientific inquiry through the study of the swing of a pendulum

Preview before class

1. The process of scientific inquiry includes the following elements: _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, _________.

2. Regarding the issue of the speed of the pendulum, Xiaohui and her classmates raised the following questions: ① It may be related to _________; ② It may be related to _________; ③ It may be related to ____________________.

She and her classmates designed the following experiments:

In the first group, the pendulum length is ________, and the ball is swung ________; in the second group, the pendulum length is ___________, and the ball is swung _________.

After analyzing the conclusions, some students believed that air resistance can ________. In addition, the speed of the pendulum may be related to _________.

Intensive lectures in class Knowledge points 1. Explore the mystery of the pendulum

1. Equipment selection:

(1) In order to make the pendulum close to idealization, the cycloid selection avoids using thick wires with a certain mass and chooses thin wires with light mass;

(2) Selection of pendulum ball. In order to reduce the impact of air resistance on the swing amplitude, it is recommended to choose a steel ball with a smaller volume and a larger mass as the pendulum ball. If there is no steel ball, a nut can also be used.

2. Determination:

(1) When calculating the number of swings of the pendulum ball, it is more accurate to start timing when the pendulum ball passes the lowest position.

(2) Before using the stopwatch, wind up the spring. If the pointer does not point to zero after returning the watch, write down the value (zero reading) and then subtract it from the measured value.

3． operate:

(1) Clamp the pendulum with your fingers, straighten the cycloid and slowly raise it (not too high), and check whether the cycloid and the crossbar are perpendicular.

(2) Release your hands and let the pendulum swing naturally. The swing of the pendulum ball must be strictly controlled to vibrate in a vertical plane.

(3) When studying the factors that affect the swing speed of the ball, the control variable method was used.

4. Factors that affect the swing speed of the pendulum:

The swing speed of the pendulum is related to the length of the cycloid. The shorter the cycloid, the faster the pendulum swings; the swing speed of the pendulum has nothing to do with the mass of the pendulum ball and the size of the swing.

[Example 1] Xiaoling, Xiaohong and Xiaoli were playing on the swings in the playground. Xiaoli gently pushed Xiaohong and Xiaoling respectively. The careful Xiaoli found that the time it took for them to swing back and forth was almost the same. So, what factors related to the time it took for them to swing back and forth?

The three people studied this issue and came up with the following conjecture:

Conjecture 1: The time it takes for the swing to swing back and forth may be related to the mass of the person.

Conjecture 2: The time it takes for the swing to swing back and forth may be related to the length of the rope of the swing.

Conjecture 3: The time it takes for the swing to swing back and forth may be related to the maximum distance from the center line when the swing swings.

In order to verify the above conjecture, they came to the laboratory and found a scale, a thin line, a stopwatch, and a small ball. According to the scientific inquiry method in physics learning, they conducted experiments as shown in the figure and obtained the data in the table below.

Knowledge point 2. Basic requirements for scientific inquiry ability

(1) Be good at observation and diligent in thinking. Physics is a science based on observation and experiment. To learn physics, you must first pay attention to the physical phenomena that occur in life. No matter whether these phenomena occur around you or in the distant sky, you must pay attention to observe their main characteristics and the conditions for their appearance. At the same time, we should develop the habit of asking "why", constantly ask questions to think about, and dare to express opinions and discuss with others.

(2) Have the courage to experiment and be willing to explore. To learn physics, you must be more hands-on and do more experiments. During learning, you must be good at discovering problems, asking questions, and making conjectures and hypotheses based on your existing experience and knowledge. In order to confirm your conjectures, design an experiment or make a plan to conduct experiments. Explore, collect evidence, analyze and demonstrate, and draw conclusions. In the process of inquiry, we not only advocate independent thinking, but also encourage cooperation and communication.

(3) Connect with reality and society. Physics knowledge comes from reality and must be applied to practice. When learning physics, we must not forget to pay attention to the relationship between science, technology and society. Use the knowledge and skills learned to explain some common physical phenomena and solve some simple problems in life and production. Some of the small inventions and creations you try may very well give birth to a major scientific discovery or technological invention in the future. Let us work together to learn scientific knowledge and prepare to use the science and technology we master to benefit mankind.

[Example 2] The appearance of the one-yuan coin has a silver-white metallic luster. Some students thought it might be made of iron. During the discussion, some students suggested: "We can use a magnet to suck it first." As far as the process of "taking a magnet to suck" is concerned, it belongs to ( ) in scientific inquiry

A. Assumption B. Argument c. Experiment D. in conclusion

[Exercise 2]When Xiao Ming celebrated his birthday, his father bought him a toy car. After using it for a while, the car broke down. From the perspective of developing good scientific inquiry habits, he should ( )

A. Put the cart aside to avoid wasting study time

B. Throw the car into the trash can to avoid environmental pollution

C. Give the car to your father and ask him to fix it

D. Carefully dismantle the toy car yourself, understand its structure and try to see if you can fix it

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"Try Scientific Inquiry" Entering the World of Physics PPT Courseware 2:

"Try Scientific Inquiry" Entering the World of Physics PPT Courseware 2 Learning Objectives (1) Through scientific inquiry, understand the process and general steps of scientific inquiry. (2) Experience scientific inquiry, gain a general understanding of the scientific inquiry process, and understand several important aspects of scientific inquiry.