"From the Establishment of the Ming Dynasty to the Entry of the Qing Army" The establishment of China's territory in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the challenges faced PPT

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"From the Establishment of the Ming Dynasty to the Entry of the Qing Army" The establishment of China's territory in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the challenges faced PPT

Part One: Curriculum Standard Requirements:

1. Understand the evolution of the feudal autocratic monarchy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and its impact on Chinese society;

2. Understand the relevant measures to unify the country and manage the frontiers during the Ming Dynasty, and understand the importance of unifying the territory of a multi-ethnic country during this period.

From the establishment of the Ming Dynasty to the entry of the Qing army, PPT, part two: changes in the political system of the Ming Dynasty

1.The establishment of the Ming Dynasty

In 1351, a peasant uprising broke out in the Yuan Dynasty, and the turmoil spread throughout the country.

The uprising general Zhu Yuanzhang, who was born as a tenant farmer, gradually became more powerful and unified the south.

2. Abolish the prime minister system

"Since the beginning of the Qin Dynasty, prime ministers have been appointed, but they have always died. Because of this, in the Han, Tang, and Song Dynasties, although there were virtuous prime ministers, most of them were villains who monopolized power and disrupted the government. I will remove the prime minister, and no successors will be allowed to be established in the future. Prime Minister, if any of my ministers dare to petition me to stand, the civil and military officials will immediately impeach me and impose severe punishments. "There are five government offices and six ministries... They are responsible for the common affairs of the world, and they compete with each other and do not dare to pressure each other. Everything is handled by the court, so it is safe. --- "Huang Ming Ancestor Instructions"

In 1380, Ming Taizu executed Hu Weiyong and ordered the abolition of Zhongshu Sheng and the prime minister. The six ministries were directly responsible to the emperor.

Hu Weiyong (? - 1380) was a native of Dingyuan, Anhui. In 1355, he defected to Zhu Yuanzhang. In 1370, he was promoted to Zhongshu Province and participated in political affairs. He served as prime minister for seven years. Zhu Yuanzhang felt that Hu Weiyong was a great threat. In 1380, he arrested him for "abusing power and perverting the law" and executed him. More than 30,000 people were implicated in the death, and it was known as "Hu's Prison" in history. After Hu Weiyong was killed, Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the prime minister system and made the six ministries directly responsible to the emperor. Imperial power was greatly strengthened

Reasons for deposing the Prime Minister

1. Zhu Yuanzhang learned from the lessons of previous prime ministers’ arbitrary power and chaos, which led to political instability and threatened imperial power;

2. Direct reasons: In the early Ming Dynasty, the prime minister held a high position, was arrogant and domineering, and the contradiction between monarch power and prime minister power intensified.

3. Fundamental reasons: weakening the power of the prime minister, strengthening imperial power, and strengthening autocratic rule

3. Impact:

1. Strengthen imperial power, consolidate rule, and eliminate the contradiction between imperial power and prime ministerial power.

2. The prime minister system was abolished, military and political power was concentrated in the emperor, and the autocratic imperial power reached its peak.

3. Increase the emperor's administrative burden, lack of energy, and affect administrative efficiency

3. Establish a cabinet

1. Reason: After deposing the prime minister, the emperor had many administrative affairs

2. Formation and development

(1) Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty established a bachelor's degree in the palace to serve as an attendant and advisor to assist Zhang Zuo, but did not participate in decision-making and was of low rank.

(2) Ming Chengzu (Yongle Emperor Zhu Di) appointed lower-ranking officials to the Wenyuan Pavilion to participate in the decision-making of confidential affairs and formally established the cabinet system.

(3) Later, the status of the cabinet gradually increased, and there were special government offices and subordinate officials. The power of cabinet ministers became more and more powerful. They could help the emperor draft opinions on the ministers' memorials, which were called "votes", and then the emperor's ink pen would give instructions. , called "Pihong"

Cabinet features

1. The product of the strengthening of autocratic imperial power

2. It has never had legal status and has never been a formal administrative agency at the central level (nature)

3. The scope of authority is vague and the six departments cannot be formally commanded. They are restrained or even controlled by the Supervisor of Ceremonies.

Explanation: Historically, the prime minister was the emperor's assistant, participated in decision-making on major national affairs, and had a restrictive effect on imperial power. The prime minister is given decision-making power by the system, and his position is very consolidated.

The cabinet was only an advisory body to the emperor and had no decision-making power. Although there is a phenomenon of cabinet academicians holding great power, their power does not come from the system or position, but from the personal support and trust of the supreme ruler. Once he falls out of favor, his status plummets.

From the establishment of the Ming Dynasty to the entry of the Qing army into the customs PPT, the third part: maritime traffic and coastal situation

1. Purpose: To promote the country’s prestige, strengthen ties with overseas countries, and satisfy the rulers’ needs for exotic treasures and specialties.

2. Process: In the early 15th century, Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty sent the eunuch Zheng He to lead a fleet on seven voyages, visiting more than 30 countries and regions in Asia and Africa, reaching as far as the east coast of Africa. It is known in history as "Zheng He's voyages to the West".

3. Impact:

① Positive aspects: Zheng He’s voyages to the West were an ocean voyage of unprecedented scale in world history. It enhanced mutual understanding and friendly exchanges between China and Asian and African countries and regions, and was far ahead of what would have happened more than half a century later in terms of capital, equipment, technology, etc. The voyages of European ocean navigators.

② Negative aspects: The main purpose of Zheng He's voyages to the West was to "show off his troops to foreign lands and show China's prosperity", which brought a large financial burden to the Ming Dynasty, so it could not be sustained later.

Qi Jiguangping Japanese

1. Since the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Japanese pirates have been harassing the eastern coast of my country from time to time and are called "Japanese pirates".

2. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, overseas trade was strictly prohibited. As a result, private maritime smuggling activities in the southeast were rampant, and Japanese pirates colluded with Chinese merchants and pirates.

Result: After long fighting and the gradual loosening of restrictions on private overseas trade, the situation on the southeast coast stabilized.

Maritime ban in Ming Dynasty

A collective name for a series of restrictive maritime policies carried out by the Ming Dynasty government in the fourteenth century.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Japan's feudal princes were divided. Attack each other. The feudal lords who failed in the war organized warriors, merchants, and ronin (i.e., Japanese pirates) to carry out armed smuggling, robbery and harassment in coastal areas of China. In this regard, during the Hongwu period, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the implementation of the maritime ban policy that had been in place since the Ming Dynasty in order to prevent the remnants of coastal warlords and pirates from nuisance. The main object of the early maritime ban was commerce (commercial ban), which prohibited Chinese people from doing business overseas and restricted foreign merchants from trading in China (except for tribute). During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, despite Zheng He's heroic voyage to the West, only tribute trade was liberalized, and private individuals were still not allowed to go to sea. Later, with the advent of Japanese pirates, the maritime ban policy became more stringent. Although it played a role in self-protection, it greatly hindered the development of Sino-foreign exchanges.

During the Longqing period, the Ming government adjusted its policy and allowed people to go overseas for trade, which was known as the Longqing Switch in history. The lifting of the maritime ban has opened up a new situation for Sino-foreign trade and exchanges.

The maritime ban policy of the Ming Dynasty went through a changeable process from the beginning of the Hongwu period to the abolition of the maritime ban at the end of the Ming Dynasty. From the strict sea ban policy in the early Ming Dynasty, the relaxation of the sea ban during the Yongle period, the further strengthening of the sea ban policy after Yongle (Hongxi-Hongzhi), the highly strengthened sea ban policy during the Jiajing period, the opening up of Longqing and the rapid development of overseas trade, and the abolition of the sea ban policy at the end of the Ming Dynasty. These policies had a profound impact on the historical development of the Ming Dynasty.

The meaning of the new route

At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, Western European countries explored sea routes to India, America and other parts of the world. These sea routes were often called "new sea routes". Western European historians also called them the "Geographical Discovery", and the discovery of new sea routes was The period from the mid-15th century to the mid-17th century was called the "Age of Expansion" and the "Age of Discovery"

From the establishment of the Ming Dynasty to the entry of the Qing army into the customs PPT, the fourth part: Inland frontiers and the Ming and Qing dynasties

1. Ming Dynasty and Mongolia

(1) After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols on the grasslands gradually formed two major groups, the Tatar and the Oara. To prevent them from going south, the Ming Dynasty rebuilt the Great Wall.

(2) In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Oara and Tatars continued to threaten the northern border defense of the Ming Dynasty. They twice broke through the Great Wall and penetrated into the inland to surround Beijing. Wala also captured Ming Yingzong in a battle.

(3) In 1571, the Tatar leader Ada Khan entered into a peace agreement with the Ming Dynasty and accepted the canonization of the Ming Dynasty. The two sides restored and expanded trade relations and basically maintained a peaceful situation until the end of the Ming Dynasty.

The Tumu Incident, also known as the Tumu Fort Incident and the Tumu Disaster, refers to the incident that occurred in the 14th year of the Ming Dynasty (1449) when Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Qi, was defeated in the northern expedition to Wala and was captured.

Tribute trade: The main way of economic contact between ancient Chinese dynasties and frontier ethnic minorities was tributary trade, that is, ethnic minorities paid tribute to local products, and the court gave the other party the gifts they needed in return.

Mutual market: After the Mongolian Ada Khan reached a peace agreement with the Ming Dynasty, he not only restored regular tribute relations, but also opened a "mutual market" place in the border towns of Datong. This peace agreement greatly promoted the development of peaceful and friendly relations between the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups.

2. The Ming Dynasty’s governance of Tibet

(1) The Tibetan area was called Wusi Zang in the Ming Dynasty.

(2) The Ming Dynasty conferred titles such as Dharma King and King on the local leaders of monks and laymen, established the Xuanwei Department, the Marshal's Office and other institutions, and appointed Tibetan upper-class people to serve.

3. The Rise of Manchuria

(1) In the early Ming Dynasty, people were sent to the Northeast to appease the people, and Nuergandusi was established in the Heilongjiang River Basin, and official titles were widely granted to the leaders of the Jurchen tribes in the Northeast.

(2) At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Nurhaci, the leader of the Jurchen Tribe, gradually unified the various Jurchen tribes. In 1616, he was proclaimed Khan in Hetuala, his country was named Jin, and he launched an attack on the Ming Dynasty.

(3) In 1636, his son Huang Taiji proclaimed himself emperor in Shengjing, changed the name of the country to "Qing", and changed the name of the Jurchen clan to Manchuria.

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Update Time: 2024-11-22

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