"Establishing Confidence and Learning to Refute" PPT

"Establishing Confidence and Learning to Refute" PPT

Part One: Teaching Purpose

Guide students to observe life carefully, so as to understand that there are refutations everywhere in life, and allow students to express their own opinions on issues with reason and evidence.

Review the basic structure and methods of refutation papers and analyze them with examples, so as to understand the requirements for writing refutation papers and learn to write simple refutation papers.

Establish confidence and learn to refute PPT, part 2: knowledge analysis

1. Basic characteristics of rebuttal argumentative essays

The purpose of any argumentative essay is to clarify one's own arguments. However, the explanation methods can be roughly divided into two types, one is proof and the other is refutation. The so-called proof is to discuss the correctness of a point of view from the front, and to prove the establishment of a point of view from the front, which is also called argumentation. Refutation is an argumentation method that directly refutes the other party's argument or argument or argumentation process to establish one's own point of view. It is also called refutation. Proof and refutation are methods of argument. In an article, sometimes it is necessary to establish an argument from the front, and sometimes it is necessary to directly refute the other party's wrong views. You can also use proof and refutation at the same time. When writing a refutation paper, you usually first point out the essence of the other party's error, either directly refute (refutation point), or indirectly refute (refutation point, refute argument), and then put forward your own point of view and demonstrate it in a tit-for-tat manner.

2. How to write rebuttal argumentative essays

(1) Establish attack target

Whether it is to counterattack the enemy, expose and refute the slander and slander of the enemy's argument, or criticize certain thoughts or behavioral errors, it is all intended to refute the other party and establish one's own correct point of view, so as to distinguish right from wrong, correct mistakes, promote truth, and uphold justice. . Therefore, when writing a refutation paper, you must first clarify the arguments to refute, that is, establish the target of attack.

(2) Pay attention to rebuttal methods

The three elements of an argumentative essay are arguments, arguments and arguments. To refute the other party's argument, you can naturally start with the three elements of the argumentative essay, or directly refute the other party's argument, or use a roundabout and indirect way to start with the other party's arguments and arguments to prove its falsehood and absurdity, so as to refute the other party's argument. the goal of.

Establish confidence and learn to refute PPT, Part 3: Methods of refutation

1. Refute the argument.

Directly refuting the opponent's argument is the most common form of refutation. This method of refuting an argument can be refuted through examples, that is, by proposing new factual arguments to prove the error of the opponent's argument. The method often used to refute with examples is to first summarize the other party's wrong arguments, and then present facts to prove their absurdity, so as to draw the correct conclusion. For example, in Mr. Lu Xun's "On "Friendly Countries Are Surprised"", the author targets the reactionary arguments of the Kuomintang authorities: "People from friendly countries are inexplicably surprised; if things go on like this, the country will no longer be a country." He lays out conclusive facts to prove that the "friendly countries" are not friendly countries, but Japan. The accomplices of the invaders are the backstage of the reactionary Kuomintang government and the mortal enemies of the Chinese people. Later, the author put forward his own point of view: "'Friendly countries' want us people to be slaughtered in silence, and if we are a little 'deviant', we will be killed; the party-state wants us to comply with the wishes of these 'friendly people', otherwise it will be brutally suppressed."

2. Refute arguments.

Arguments and arguments are the two most basic elements of an argumentative essay. Arguments are the concentration and sublimation of arguments; arguments are the basis and support of arguments. Refuting arguments is like removing fuel from a cauldron, causing the other party's argument to crumble.

There are usually three types of arguments: factual arguments, numerical arguments and theoretical arguments. Counterarguments often start from these three aspects, which can expose the false facts, vague figures or the absurdity of the theory. "The Theory of "Friendly Surprise"" also uses the method of counterargument to refute the argument.

3. Refute the argument.

There must be an inherent logical relationship between arguments and arguments in order to become strong support for the arguments. Pointing out that there is no necessary connection between the opponent's arguments and evidence can also achieve the purpose of refutation. Errors in argumentation are manifested in many aspects: sometimes the major and minor premises and conclusions are illogical during the deduction process; sometimes the author's opinions in an article are contradictory; sometimes there is improper reasoning between arguments and arguments... In short, As long as you find that the other party has logical errors in the argument, you can start from this perspective and launch a refutation. For example, "Some students in our class pursue fancy clothes, follow fashions, and men and women often mix... This shows that mental pollution is very serious here." This discussion does not clarify the meaning of "mental pollution" and has nothing to do with the content listed above. The logical relationship is wrong.

4. Common rebuttal techniques include:

Evidence by contradiction: Determining the truth of a thesis by establishing the falsity of a judgment that contradicts the thesis.

Illustration method: A method of using a large number of typical examples to refute the other party's point of view.

Comparative method: not only put forward positive viewpoints and arguments, but also present negative viewpoints and negative arguments, so that the other party can be convinced of the rationality of the positive viewpoints in the comparison.

Metaphor: Use vivid examples to make clever metaphors.

Citation method: quote famous quotes and authoritative opinions to enhance persuasiveness.

Analogy method: Two objects are the same in a series of attributes, and it is known that one of the objects also has other attributes, so it can be concluded that the other object also has the same other attributes.

Use absurdity to counter absurdity: Use the opponent's methods and logic to deal with the opponent, thereby convincing the opponent.

Reductio ad absurdum: First assume that the other party's argument is correct, and then deduce very obvious absurd results from it, thereby refuting the other party's argument.

Establish confidence and learn to refute PPT, part 4: sample essay display

Bystanders know

"Those who are in authority are confused, but those who are watching are clear" is originally an exquisite chess saying, but it also penetrates into the cognitive characteristics of life. It can guide us to jump out of the chess game of life, think from others' perspective with a clear mind, so as to see the essence through the phenomenon and appreciate it. See the true feelings in the world, get rid of bad habits, and keep a pure heart.

Being a bystander can clearly understand the love of parents. Some teenagers are protected by their parents in every possible way, but they are "obsessed with the authorities" and do not understand their love. Watching may help them understand the subtlety and greatness of their parents' love. I used to complain about my parents’ nagging, but my roommates would always envy my happiness. When it was cold, my parents reminded me to put on more clothes, and they took the trouble to come to school to lay out layers of cotton wool for me. I didn’t care, thinking it was their responsibility; I felt dizzy, and my parents were anxious and worried, so they bought me medicine. Fruit delivers milk, and it is said that eating more milk and fruit is good for the brain. I am not moved and think it is their duty. My roommate said softly, "Your parents are so kind", which made me realize their hard work and their noble and selfless love. Perhaps because we are the "authorities" of happiness and "we don't know the blessings in the midst of blessings", we have become dull, numb, and indifferent. Being a bystander can encourage us to use our clear brains and keen hearts to capture the true feelings of the world, appreciate the true feelings of the world, and repay the true feelings of the world.

Be a bystander and be able to clearly understand your own mistakes. Habits always make people make mistakes involuntarily, but it is difficult for "authorities" to perceive and recognize them. At the tourist attraction Notre Dame de Paris, there is a Chinese prompt saying "Please keep quiet"; at the Pearl Harbor scenic spot, a "Trash can is here" prompt specifically for Chinese people; at the Royal Palace of Thailand, it is also written in Chinese " Please flush after using the toilet." Many people will be outraged by this, but they will still continue to shout loudly in public places, throw things around, and not flush the toilet after use. As a bystander, looking at your own mistakes with the feelings of others, would you feel that it was abominable, and would you feel that it was a shame for the Chinese people? When you are in the middle of a game, you are always unable to realize the seriousness of the matter; only by jumping out of the game and observing your own mistakes can you be more alert to yourself, remember them deeply, and correct them completely. Being a bystander can help us break the shackles of bad habits with a clear understanding.

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"Establishing Confidence and Learning to Refute" PPT courseware:

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