"End of Chapter Review and Evaluation" Atmosphere on Earth PPT

"End of Chapter Review and Evaluation" Atmosphere on Earth PPT

1. From the textbook - a systematic inventory of knowledge in this chapter

2. Go to life - analysis and application of hot issues

Hot Topics (1) Current Situation of Air Pollution in China

[Broaden your horizons]

The United Nations Environment Program released the "Beijing's Twenty-Year Air Pollution Control Process and Prospects" assessment report on March 9, 2019 in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya. The report shows that in the 20 years from 1998 to 2017, the average annual concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and respirable particulate matter (PM10) dropped by 93.3%, 37.8% and 55.3% respectively compared with 1998. Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and respirable particulate matter are the main components of smog. They combine with fog to make the sky instantly gray. The English abbreviation of particulate matter is PM. PM10 refers to particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 microns. PM2.5 refers to particulate matter in the atmosphere with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microns. The current haze weather is caused by a large amount of PM2.5.

[Open your mind]

1. What is the current situation of air quality in my country? What are the main components of smog?

Tip: my country’s air quality has improved compared to before, but it is still serious. The main components of smog are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and inhalable particulate matter.

2. PM2.5 comes from a wide range of sources, including natural sources and man-made emissions. According to the data, what are the main sources of PM2.5 in cities in northern my country?

Tips: Exhaust gas emitted by industrial production (especially soot emitted by coal-fired enterprises such as thermal power plants); vehicle exhaust, smoke and dust emitted by coal-fired heating in winter; dust generated by construction sites and road traffic; smoke and dust generated by restaurants; sand dust, etc. .

Hotspot (2) Reasons for the frequent occurrence of haze in North China

[Broaden your horizons]

When the air humidity is high, there is no or very little wind, and there are enough condensation nuclei in the air, and if the temperature continues to drop and reaches a certain level, the air's ability to hold water vapor will decrease, and then the excess water in the air will The vapor will condense on the condensation nuclei but will not fall to the ground, and haze will occur. Autumn and winter are the haze-prone seasons in North my country. The main reasons are as follows.

(1) There are many heavy industries in North China, and industrial production emits a large amount of waste gas.

(2) North China has a dense population, many means of transportation, and high vehicle exhaust emissions.

(3) Dust generated by construction sites and road traffic.

(4) There are many major grain-producing provinces and regions in North China. Straw burning has a significant impact on air quality and aggravates smog.

(5) The climate in North China is dry, and urban and rural topsoil (short of water) is exposed and prone to wind erosion. The atmospheric flow in North China is relatively stable in winter. In particular, it is easy to form a temperature inversion layer with high temperatures in the upper part of the atmosphere and low temperatures in the lower part, which is not conducive to the diffusion of pollutants.

[Open your mind]

1. What are the natural causes of haze in autumn and winter in North my country?

Tips: The climate is dry, the atmospheric flow is relatively stable, and there are many temperature inversions. The climate is dry, which is conducive to the generation of sand and dust; the air flow is stable, and there are many inversion weather, which is not conducive to convection movement. Pollutants are not easy to spread and accumulate near the ground.

2. In addition to the above-mentioned man-made reasons, what other reasons are responsible for the frequent haze weather in autumn and winter in North my country?

Tip: In North China, burning coal for heating in winter produces a lot of waste gas, and the use of coal as an unclean energy source, etc.

Hot Spot (3) Air Pollution Control

[Broaden your horizons]

Msuya, acting executive director of the United Nations Environment Program, said in the preface to the report that in just five years from 2013 to 2017, the average annual concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Beijing's air dropped by about 35%. The PM2.5 concentration in the Hebei region dropped by 25%. No other city or region in the world has achieved this, and I believe Beijing’s experience will be of benefit to many cities suffering from air pollution. He Kebin, the main author of the report, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and dean of the School of Environment at Tsinghua University, pointed out at the report conference that 2013 to 2017 were the five years in which Beijing took the most systematic and intensive measures to control air pollution. Among many governance measures, coal-fired boiler governance, civil fuel cleaning, and industrial structure adjustment have made the most significant contributions to the improvement of atmospheric environmental quality.

[Open your mind]

1. In view of the urban air pollution problem caused by the large increase in motor vehicles, please provide reasonable suggestions.

Tips: Properly plan urban roads to alleviate traffic congestion; promote the use of clean energy; give priority to the development of public transportation; travel in an environmentally friendly manner, such as walking or cycling within a short distance.

2. Apart from measures targeting motor vehicles, what other measures can be taken to reduce air pollution?

Tips: Accelerate the research on the formation mechanism of smog, improve laws and regulations, increase the inspection and treatment of pollution emissions in key areas, adjust the economic structure, transform from a "high-carbon" economy to a "low-carbon" economy, and use solar energy, hydraulic power, Clean energy such as nuclear energy, strengthen the control of pollution sources such as coal burning and dust; strengthen haze weather forecasting and forecasting to provide the public with defense guidance; optimize urban layout and structure, etc.

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