East China Normal University Edition Ninth Grade History Volume 1

"Humans in Prehistoric Period" Human Origins and Ancient Civilizations PPT Courseware

Curriculum Standards

List representatives of early humans such as Australopithecus and understand the origin of human beings and the formation of the three major human races; tell the legend of Gaia and Ereste, and understand the reasons and characteristics of the formation of matriarchal and patrilineal clan societies.

knowledge and abilities

Understand the archaeological knowledge in the historical field and know that humans evolved from ancient apes; know the three major human races in the world and the factors that led to their formation; know the reasons and characteristics of the formation of matrilineal clan society and patrilineal clan society.

Emotional attitudes and values

Understand the historical materialist perspective that human labor not only transformed the world, but also played an important role in the process of human evolution; history is a tortuous and continuously developing process, and exploring the laws of historical development is an important part of historical research. content.

focus

There are three major human races; matrilineal clan and patrilineal clan.

difficulty

The evolution from apes to humans.

1. The Origin of Humankind

1. Where did humans come from?

Australopithecus - "Man in the Making",

About 4 million years ago; "fully formed man"

2. What are the factors that drive the transition from ape to human?

Labor played a key role in the transition from ape to human.

3. The issue of human origin is extremely complex and needs to be continuously deepened.

Let’s talk about it: There are many ancient myths in the world about the origin of human beings. Can you tell a mythical story about the origins of humanity?

China: Nuwa kneaded earth to create a human being

West: God created man

Biological evolution version

Darwinian view

1. Natural selection and survival of the fittest

2. Humans and today's great apes have a common ancestor.

3. Human beings evolved from long-extinct ancient apes.

Thinking about it, what significance does upright walking have to the evolution of human beings?

Walk upright on two legs. The forelimbs of human ancestors were completely liberated from the functions of support and walking, and became free and dexterous hands. They could fully use and make tools to obtain food and defend against enemies, or engage in various activities, interacting with the natural world. played an extremely important role in the struggle.

Also because the two legs are upright...

Is bipedal walking the main difference between humans and animals?

Australopithecus - "Man in the Making"

Time: About 4 million years ago;

Region African savanna;

Physical characteristics: walking upright, brain capacity slightly larger than that of modern apes, and teeth similar to humans;

Lives using natural stones and sticks, but does not yet know how to make tools.

So when does the fully formed man appear?

2. The formation of the three major human races

1. What are the three major human races in the world?

Caucasian, Yellow, Black

2. What are the characteristics of the three major human races?

What are the main physical characteristics of the three major human races?

Asian

The skin color is yellow; the hair is thick and straight, dark in color; the eyes are dark or dark brown; the face is broad, the cheekbones are flat and hollow, the bridge of the nose is low, and the eyes have medial canthus folds; beard and body hair are minimal.

Caucasian

The skin color, hair color and eye color are all lighter; the hair is often wavy; the bridge of the nose is high and narrow; the beard and body hair are developed.

black people

The skin color is dark; the hair is black and curly; the eyes are dark; the nose is wide and flat, the lips are thick and everted; there is less beard and body hair.

3. Society in Myths and Legends

1. Myths and legends of primitive society

2.What is a clan?

Clan is the basic social organization in primitive society based on blood relations.

3. From matrilineal clan society to patrilineal clan society

4. The disintegration of clan society

Read, think, talk

In ancient Greek myths about the origin of the universe, there is Gaia, the earth goddess who was the first to separate from chaos. According to legend, she gave birth to Ouranos (sky), Pontos (sea) and many other gods. She was the original creator of all things and was regarded as the ancestor of mankind and the mother goddess who cultivated plants and young children.

What historical facts does this myth reflect?

Why do women dominate in matrilineal societies?

At that time, social productivity was backward, and clans mainly relied on gathering to survive. Therefore, women played an important role in gathering and housework. At the same time, women's reproductive function was crucial to the reproduction of the clan. Therefore, in matrilineal clan society, women occupied a dominant position. .

Compare: What are the similarities and differences between matriarchal societies and patriarchal societies?

Same point

All are tied by blood ties;

All implement public ownership of property and distribution.

difference

Matriarchal clan societies are dominated by women, while patrilineal clan societies are dominated by men;

In a matrilineal clan society, people "only know their mother but not their father"; in a patrilineal clan society, people "know both their mother and their father";

In the later period of patrilineal clan society, the differentiation between rich and poor arose. The blood relationship of the clan was gradually replaced by geographical connection, and human beings gradually moved towards a civilized society.

Class exercises:

1. Think about it: Based on what you have learned in the past, tell us what ancient humans there were in China?

Tips: Yuanmou people, Peking people, Shandong cave people, etc.

2. According to your understanding, how did humans evolve?

Tip: It is generally believed that humans evolved from a branch of ancient apes.

3. Question exploration: Compare the main differences between matrilineal clan society and patrilineal clan society.

Tip (1) Period: The matrilineal clan commune is a social organization that emerged in the early stages of humankind, roughly equivalent to the late Paleolithic to the Neolithic Age in archeology; the patrilineal clan commune is a form of social organization that transitions from clan communes to society, equivalent to the archaeological Learned from the late Neolithic Age and Chalcolithic Age; (2) Status: In a matrilineal clan society, women are in a dominant position, the husband is on the wife's side, seniority is calculated from the matriline, and property is inherited by the matriline; in a patrilineal clan society, men are in a dominant position, and marriage is From pair marriage to monogamy, the wife lives with her husband, seniority is calculated from the patriline, and property is inherited from the patriline.

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