Download the PPT courseware "Conflicts between Princes and the Reform Movement" from the origin of Chinese civilization to the establishment and consolidation of the unified feudal state of Qin and Han Dynasties.

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Download the PPT courseware "Conflicts between Princes and the Reform Movement" from the origin of Chinese civilization to the establishment and consolidation of the unified feudal state of Qin and Han Dynasties.

Part One: Conceptual Analysis - Eastern Zhou Dynasty

The Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 BC - 256 BC) was a dynasty in Chinese history. After the fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the princes supported the deposed prince Yijiu as king. He was called King Ping of Zhou in history and his capital was Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan). , known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in history. In the first half of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the princes competed for dominance, which was called the Spring and Autumn Period. In 453 BC, after the three families of Han, Zhao and Wei joined forces to destroy the Zhi family, the three families were divided into the Jin Dynasty and each prince conquered each other. This was called the Warring States Period.

PPT on disputes between princes and the reform movement, part 2: 1. Political characteristics - disputes between countries and Chinese identity

1. The Five Hegemons of Spring and Autumn Period

Ba, the name of government, is Bo, the sound changes to Ba, also known as Zhou Bo or Fang Bo, that is, the leader of the princes. His official title is to meet the princes and the emperor, but in fact he holds the emperor in order to order the princes. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the emperor declined and the princes rose: the power of the Zhou royal family declined, its authority was no longer available, and it was no longer able to effectively control the princes of the world. In order to compete for the world, some powerful vassal states started fierce wars for hegemony. They joined forces with each other and conquered the east and west. Several vassals became hegemons one after another. The "Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period" are the historical products of a specific stage in the Spring and Autumn Period. The wars between princes for hegemony at this time made early preparations for the subsequent wars of annexation and unification during the Warring States Period.

There have been many theories about the "Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period" in history. Middle school history textbooks mainly introduce the two most representative ones: "Historical Records Suoyin" - Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Xianggang of Song, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Mu of Qin, and King Zhuang of Chu; "Xunzi" ·Overlords" - Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, King Zhuang of Chu, King Helu of Wu, and King Goujian of Yue.

2. Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period

The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period are the collective name for the seven most powerful vassal states during the Warring States Period. After the protracted wars for hegemony during the Spring and Autumn Period, the number of vassal states within the Zhou Dynasty was greatly reduced. The Zhou royal family was nominally the co-lord of the world, but in fact it was virtually destroyed. The princely states attacked each other and wars continued. After the three kingdoms were divided into the Jin Dynasty, Zhao, Wei, and Han were among the powerful states, and the Tian family replaced Qi. The pattern of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period was formally formed. The seven kingdoms are: Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, and Wei. country, Qin country.

In addition to the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period, there were also great powers such as Yue, Ba, Shu, Song, Zhongshan, and Lu. There are still small countries such as Zheng, Wei, Teng, Zou, Fei, etc., but their strength and influence are far inferior to the seven heroes of the Warring States Period. They can only survive in the cracks of powerful countries, and they were eventually destroyed by the seven heroes. Among these seven heroes, Qin was the strongest in the later period. Except for Qin, the other six countries are all east of Mount Wei. Therefore, these six countries are also called "Shandong Six Kingdoms".

3. Chinese identity

In the 21st century BC, the primitive commune era in the Central Plains region came to the end of history, and class society had appeared in the plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. From the 21st century BC onward, several dynasties emerged one after another: the Xia (about 21st century BC to the 16th century BC), the Shang (about the 16th century BC to the 11th century BC), and the Western Zhou Dynasty (about the 11th century BC to 771 BC). During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the tribal names of Hua, Xia, or Huaxia together appeared to distinguish them from tribes such as "Man, Yi, Rong, and Di". However, the distinction between Yi and Xia was not very strict at this time.

Historic Dragon Totem Historic Dragon Totem

During the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC to 476 BC), the concept of superiority and inferiority between Yi and Xia was already very strong. At that time, "ethnicity" (clan, clan, not nation) and culture were both valued, with culture being the most important factor in distinguishing the Chinese from the barbarians. Huayi people can often change places with each other due to factors such as etiquette, costumes and other factors.

During the Warring States Period, the vassal states of Qin, Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Chu were collectively called Zhuxia, and they were powerful Chinese vassal states at that time. The seven heroes combined vertically, horizontally, merged, and fought, but the clans were the same, forming a unified trend among the Xia. Therefore, the distribution area of ​​the Chinese cultural community at that time reached the middle and lower reaches of the Liao River in the northeast, the Tao River Basin in the northwest, Bashu and Guizhou in the southwest, and Huxiang in the southeast. and other vast areas.

Disputes between princes and the reform movement PPT, the third part: 2. Economic development and the reform movement

1. The economy of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, as the last Bronze Age in China, bronze ware gradually withdrew from the stage of history due to the use of iron tools and the promotion of ox farming. The use of iron tools and the promotion of ox farming also marked a significant increase in social productivity. Our country's feudal economy has been further developed, especially in the north. The leap in productivity caused a revolution in production relations. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the well-field system (public land) was gradually replaced by feudal private ownership of land, and was finally established through reforms in various countries.

There was undoubtedly considerable development of industry and commerce in the late Zhou period, although as in many other cases it is impossible to estimate precisely what happened. An important sign is the emergence of different metal currencies with fixed values ​​in different countries, especially in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. (Qin's currency is said to have been first issued in 336 B.C.) Such coins apparently facilitated commercial transactions, although certain commodities, such as grain and cloth, continued to be used as media of exchange, especially in large transactions. The development of commerce certainly contributed to the growth of cities, and there was also a tendency for industry to specialize by location. "Historical Records" and other historical records also record several famous businessmen, starting with Zigong, a disciple of Confucius, and ending with Lu Buwei, the prime minister shortly before Qin unified the country. Big merchants do not deal in major commodities, which are large in quantity, perishable, and only profitable in times of shortage; they prefer to concentrate on luxury goods or the benefits of accessing mountains and rivers. The government is not as directly concerned with these commodities as it is with collecting and distributing major commodities.

2. Shang Yang’s Reform

During the Warring States Period, after Qin Xiaogong of the Qin State came to the throne, he was determined to strengthen the country and reform, so he ordered the recruitment of talents. Shang Yang entered the Qin Dynasty to defend his country, and proposed a set of reform and development strategies such as abandoning well fields, focusing on agriculture and mulberry, awarding military merits, implementing unified measurement, and establishing a county system. He won the trust of Qin Xiaogong and appointed him as the chief of Zuo Shu. , in 356 BC and 350 BC, two reforms were implemented with the main content of "abolition of well fields, opening of roads, implementing the system of counties and counties, rewarding farming, weaving and fighting, and implementing the law of continuous sitting".

After Shang Yang's reforms, the Qin State's economy developed, its military combat effectiveness continued to increase, and it developed into the most prosperous and powerful centralized state in the late Warring States Period.

PPT on the disputes between princes and the reform movement, the fourth part: 3. The two sages of the Spring and Autumn Period - Confucius and Laozi

1. Confucius, the founder of Confucianism

Confucius (September 28, 551 BC - April 11, 479 BC), surnamed Kong, given name Qiu, styled Zhongni, was a native of Zou Yi (now Qufu, Shandong Province) of the state of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and his ancestral home was the state of Song. Li Yi (now Xiayi, Henan), an ancient Chinese thinker, educator, and founder of Confucianism. He created a culture of private lectures and advocated benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom and trustworthiness.

Confucius once led some of his disciples to travel around the world for thirteen years. In his later years, he revised the Six Classics, namely "Poetry", "Book", "Ritual", "Music", "Yi" and "Spring and Autumn". According to legend, Confucius once asked Laozi for advice and had three thousand disciples, including seventy-two sages. After Confucius's death, his disciples and his subsequent disciples recorded the words, deeds, quotes and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled them into the Confucian classic "The Analects of Confucius".

In ancient times, Confucius was revered as the "Sage of Heaven" and "The Wooden Duo of Heaven". He was one of the most erudite scholars in the society at that time. He was respected by later rulers as the Saint of Confucius, the Holy Saint, the Holy Teacher, and the Great Master. The ancestral teacher of King Sheng Wenxuan and the role model for all generations. His thoughts have had a profound impact on China and the world, and he is listed as the first among the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World". As the influence of Confucius expanded, the "Confucius Ceremony" to worship Confucius once became a "big sacrifice" on the same level as the Chinese ancestor gods.

2. Laozi, the originator of Taoism

Lao Tzu, whose surname is Li, given name Er, and given name Boyang. I have two possible identities, one is Lao Dan, the other is Lao Laizi. A thinker and philosopher in the Spring and Autumn Period of China, Lao Dan once served as Shou Zang Shi (director of the library). He is the author of "Tao Te Ching", a classic work of the Taoist school. His theory was later developed by Zhuang Zhou. The descendants of Taoism regarded Laozi as their master, and compared it with Confucius of Confucianism. According to historical records, Confucius once asked Laozi about ritual issues. During the Wuzong period of the Tang Dynasty, Laozi was regarded as the eighteenth incarnation of Taishang Laojun, one of the Three Pure Gods. However, early Taoist priests believed that Laozi was a subordinate of Taiqing God. Laozi and later Zhuangzi were both called Laozi and Zhuangzi.

PPT on the disputes between princes and the reform movement, the fifth part: 4. Thoughts of the Warring States Period - A Hundred Schools of Thought Contention

The contention of a hundred schools of thought refers to the emergence of different schools of thought among intellectuals during the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC to 476 BC) and the Warring States Period (475 to 221 BC). "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" divides the main ideological schools of the Warring States into ten schools - Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Legalism, Yin and Yang, Ming, Zongheng, Za, Bing, and Novel. Liu Xin, a native of the Western Han Dynasty, removed novelists from his "Qi Lue· Zhu Zi Lue" and called them "Nine Streams". The common name "Ten Schools and Nine Streams" comes from here.

PPT on disputes between princes and the reform movement, part six: summary:

Characteristics of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods

A period of great turmoil, great development, and great change in Chinese history

Great changes: the transition from slave society to feudalism; great turmoil; frequent wars, and feudal princes competing for hegemony; great development: economy, ideology and culture, science and technology.

〖1〗 Economic aspect: The economy and society developed rapidly, and feudal production relations were formed.

Performance: ① The development of agricultural production, the use of iron farm tools and cattle, the construction of water conservancy, farmland fertilization, ② The progress of handicraft industry. ③Business is becoming increasingly active.

The impact of the formation of feudal production relations: ① The establishment of private ownership of land weakened the relationship of personal dependence. ② New class forces emerge: new landlords and peasants.

〖2〗 Political aspect: Emerging landowners demanded reform of the slavery system.

① Reasons: changes in economic foundation; formation of feudal production relations; development of productive forces. ②Purpose: To establish and strengthen feudal autocracy. ③Path: Reform. ④Measures: (1. Reform the system of ministers and ministers by selecting and appointing talents to reward military merit; 2. Replace the feudal system with a salary system; 3. Replace the joint governance of the monarch and the nobles with centralization of power)

〖3〗Military aspect: Princes fight and wars are frequent. ~ Provide impetus for reform ~ Make the country rich and the army strong

〖4〗 Cultural aspect: A hundred schools of thought contend, the great emancipation of ideas ~ talent reserve, ideological foundation.

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"Conflicts between Princes and the Reform Movement" PPT free courseware:

"Conflicts between Princes and the Reform Movement" From the Origin of Chinese Civilization to the Establishment and Consolidation of the Unified Feudal States of Qin and Han Dynasties PPT Free Courseware Part One Contents: Course Standard Requirements 1. Know the historical stages of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the wars between princes, economic development, and reform movements during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, various..

"Conflicts between Princes and the Reform Movement" PPT teaching courseware:

"Conflicts between Princes and the Reform Movement" PPT teaching courseware from the origin of Chinese civilization to the establishment and consolidation of the unified feudal state of Qin and Han Dynasties Part 1: Introduction of new knowledge In an era of two stones, one was polished and polished. Matriarchal societies use fire, while patrilineal societies grow vegetables. ..

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"Conflicts between Princes and the Reform Movement" From the origin of Chinese civilization to the establishment and consolidation of the unified feudal state of Qin and Han Dynasties PPT download Part 1 content: Course standard requirements: 1. Understand the reform movement during the Warring States period by understanding the economic development and political changes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period Must...

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Update Time: 2024-09-08

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