"Development and Utilization of Natural Resources" Chemistry and Sustainable Development PPT (Lesson 1)

"Development and Utilization of Natural Resources" Chemistry and Sustainable Development PPT (Lesson 1)

Part 1: Essential knowledge and foundation of literacy

1. Development and utilization of metallic minerals

1. Principles and essence of metal smelting

(1) Principle: The process of reducing metals from their compounds for use in the production and manufacture of various metal materials.

(2) Essence: Use a reducing agent to obtain electrons from the metal in the combined state and turn it into a metal element, that is: Mn++ne-====M.

2. Common methods of metal smelting

【Situation·Thinking】

When there are gaps in the rails, maintenance workers often ignite a mixture of aluminum powder and iron oxide, allowing the molten iron to flow into the cracks in the rails. After cooling, the rails are firmly bonded together. Do you know how it works?

3. Measures for the development and utilization of metal mineral resources

(1) Improve the utilization rate of metal minerals;

(2) Develop environmentally friendly and efficient metal smelting methods;

(3) Prevent metal corrosion;

(4) Use other materials instead of metal materials to reduce the amount of metal used;

(5) Strengthen the recycling and reuse of scrap metal.

2. Development and utilization of seawater resources

1. Utilization of seawater resources

(1) Utilization methods: desalination of seawater and direct use of seawater for circulating cooling, etc.

(2) Desalination of seawater: By extracting fresh water from seawater or separating salt from seawater, the purpose of desalinating seawater can be achieved. The main methods of seawater desalination include _______, _________, ___________ and __________. Among them, _______ has the longest history and relatively mature technology and technology, but the cost is relatively high.

2. Salt production from seawater

(1) Sodium chloride obtained from seawater is edible and is also an industrial raw material for the production of caustic soda, soda ash, sodium, chlorine, and hydrochloric acid.

(2)___________ and other chemical products can be extracted from seawater.

(3) The combination of seawater desalination with chemical production and energy technology has become an important direction for the comprehensive utilization of seawater. The picture shows a schematic diagram of comprehensive utilization of seawater.

3. Obtain energy from sea water

(1) Extract uranium and heavy water from seawater for use in _____ development.

(2) Develop new energy sources such as _______ and _______.

【Smart Judgment】

(1) Seawater desalination methods include distillation, electrodialysis, alum purification, etc. ( )

(2) Seawater contains potassium, and metallic potassium can be obtained only through physical changes. ( )

(3) During the development process of various chemical resources in seawater, chemical reactions must occur. ( )

(4) The method for extracting elemental iodine from kelp in the laboratory is sampling → burning → dissolution → filtration → extraction. ( )

PPT on the development and utilization of natural resources, part 2: key capabilities and literacy formation

Knowledge point 1: Metal smelting

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. The relationship between the sequence of metal activity and metal smelting methods:

The reducing properties and electron-losing abilities of metal elements gradually weaken, while the oxidizing properties and electron-gaining capabilities of metal cations increase in sequence.

[Error-prone Reminder] Common smelting misunderstandings of several metals

(1) Al2O3 is used instead of AlCl3 when smelting Al in industry, because AlCl3 is a covalent compound and does not conduct electricity after melting. However, cryolite (Na3AlF6) needs to be added when smelting Al to lower the melting temperature.

(2) MgCl2 is used instead of MgO when smelting Mg in industry, because MgO has a high melting point and consumes a lot of energy.

(3)Au and Pt are generally extracted by physical methods.

(4) Metals that are more reducible than Al, such as Mg, Na, etc., cannot be smelted using thermite reaction.

2. Thermite reaction experiment

Experimental principle

Al is used as a reducing agent, metal oxide is used as an oxidant, and aluminum is used to replace the metal in the oxide.

Experimental phenomena

(1) The magnesium bar burned violently (2) Iron oxide powder and aluminum powder reacted violently (3) The reaction released a large amount of heat and emitted a dazzling white light (4) The lower part of the paper funnel was burned through, and molten material fell in in the sand

(1) The ignitant of the thermite reaction is magnesium strips, and the combustion accelerant is potassium chlorate.

(2) Thermite is a mixture, consisting of aluminum powder and metal oxide (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Cr2O3, V2O5, MnO2, etc.) powder.

(3) The oxide film on the surface of the magnesium strip must be polished, otherwise it will be difficult to ignite; the iron oxide powder and aluminum powder must be dry; the aluminum powder must be unoxidized, otherwise the reaction will be difficult to proceed.

(4) There should be an appropriate amount of fine sand in the evaporating dish, not only to prevent the evaporating dish from bursting, but also to prevent the molten liquid from splashing and injuring people.

【Think·Discussion】

(1) Can magnesium metal be produced by electrolysis of molten MgO?

Tip: No. The melting point of MgO is higher than that of MgCl2, which requires a lot of energy and the cost is too high.

(2) Can metallic aluminum be produced by electrolysis of AlCl3?

Tip: No. Aluminum chloride is a covalent compound that exists in molecular form in the molten state. It has no freely moving ions and does not ionize.

(3) The picture below shows two pictures of ancient and modern metallurgy in my country. So what is the relationship between the chronological order of human use of metals and the mobility of metals?

Tip: The choice of metal smelting method depends on the existence state of the metal in nature and the activity of the metal. The more active the metal, the higher the requirements for smelting conditions. It appeared relatively late in human history. The less reactive the metal is, the simpler the smelting method is, and the earlier people use it, so there are development processes in the bronze, iron and other eras.

【Migration·Application】

1. There are generally four methods for smelting metals: ① Coke method ② Water gas (or hydrogen, or carbon monoxide) method ③ Active metal replacement method ④ Electrolysis method. All four methods have applications in industry. In ancient times, there were (Ⅰ) copper smelting by burning malachite; (Ⅱ) hydrometallurgical copper smelting; in modern times (Ⅲ) aluminothermic chromium smelting; (Ⅳ) magnesium smelting from carnallite. The analysis of their smelting methods is incorrect. of is()

A. (Ⅰ) use ① B. (Ⅱ) use ②

C.(Ⅲ) use ③D.(Ⅳ) use ④

2. As shown in the picture, fold two circular filter papers into a funnel shape and put them together so that there are four layers on all sides. Take out the inner funnel, cut a hole in the bottom, moisten it with water, then put it together with another paper funnel, place it on the iron ring, and place an evaporating dish containing sand underneath. Add 5 g of fried dry iron oxide powder and

Mix 2 g of aluminum powder evenly, place it in a paper funnel, add a small amount of potassium chlorate on top, insert a magnesium bar in the middle of the mixture, and light the magnesium bar with a small wooden bar.

(1) Write the chemical equation of this reaction: _______________, in this reaction, ________ is the oxidant and ________ is the reducing agent. This reaction is called _________ reaction.

(2) Select the experimental phenomenon of this experiment: ________ (fill in the horizontal line).

① The magnesium bar burns violently; ② A large amount of heat is released and dazzling light is emitted, and sparks are scattered; ③ The lower part of the paper funnel is burned through; ④ The red-hot liquid droplets fall onto the fine sand in the evaporation dish, and the liquid The beads turned into a black solid upon cooling.

(3) Write down the functions of the following operations or substances: cut a hole at the bottom of the inner paper funnel: ________; evaporating dish to hold sand: ________; magnesium strip: ______________; potassium chlorate: ______________.

(4) How to use a simple method to prove that there is metallic iron in the product?

【Compensation training】

Among the following statements, the correct one is ()

A. Metal smelting is to separate metal elements from their minerals

B. During the metal smelting process, the smelted metal can only be oxidized

C. During the metal smelting process, the smelted metal can only be reduced

D. During the metal smelting process, the smelted metal can be oxidized or reduced.

Knowledge Point 2: The process of extracting bromine from seawater

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. Process flow

2. Main process

【Think·Discussion】

(1) It is known that 2Br-+Cl2====Br2+2Cl-, SO2+Br2+2H2O==== +2Br-+4H+, based on the above reaction, it can be judged that the oxidizing properties of SO2, Cl2 and Br2 are from strong to strong What is the order of weakness?

Tip: The oxidizing property of the oxidant is greater than that of the oxidation product, so the oxidizing property is Cl2>Br2>SO2.

(2) Some people say that step 1 is to pass in chlorine gas for oxidation and then directly extract the bromine with an organic solvent. Do you think their suggestion is reasonable?

Tip: It is unreasonable. Direct extraction of elemental bromine not only requires a large amount of extraction agent, but also causes the loss of part of the bromine, which increases the cost.

【Case Demonstration】

[Typical example] Bromine exists in the form of Br- in seawater. The industrial process for extracting bromine from seawater using air blowing is as shown in the figure:

(1) The ionic equation of the reaction in step ① is ______________.

(2) The chemical equation of the reaction in step ③ is ______________.

(3) From a theoretical perspective, the following substances that can fully absorb Br2 are ________ (fill in the letters).

A.NaOHB.FeCl2C.Na2SO3D.H2O

(4) During the distillation process in step ⑤, the temperature should be controlled at 80 ~ 90 ℃. Temperature that is too high or too low is not conducive to production. If the temperature is too high, a large amount of water vapor will be discharged with bromine, and the moisture in the bromine vapor will increase; if the temperature is too low, then ____________________.

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