"Classification and Transformation of Matter" Matter and its Changes PPT (Classification of Matter in Lesson 1)

Description

"Classification and Transformation of Matter" Matter and its Changes PPT (Classification of Matter in Lesson 1)

Part One: Learning Objectives

Curriculum Standards

1. Understand that elements can form different types of substances, and substances can be classified according to their composition and properties.

2. Understand the concept of dispersed systems and the classification of dispersed systems.

3. Understand that colloid is a common dispersion system.

core competencies

1. Microscopic analysis: Can use the types and existence forms of elements to divide substances into different categories. The size of the dispersoid particles can be used to classify dispersions.

2. Macroscopic identification: Be able to understand the relevant characteristics and properties of colloids from the perspective of microscopic particles, and understand that the characteristics of colloids are related to their particle size.

Classification and transformation of substances PPT, part 2 content: Knowledge point 1 Classification according to the composition and properties of substances

1. allotrope

Several elements with different properties formed from __________ elements are called allotropes of this element. For example: __________, _____ and _____ are allotropes of carbon; _____ and _____ (O3) are allotropes of oxygen.

2. Criteria for classifying substances

To classify substances, we must first determine the classification standards, and then classify them according to the standards. For example, classify the following compounds: ①NaCl; ②HCl; ③CaCl2; ④CuO; ⑤H2O; ⑥Fe2O3.

(1) Based on _______________ as the standard, it can be divided into solid: __________; liquid: _____; gas: _____.

(2) Based on the __________ of a substance, it can be divided into chloride: __________; oxide: __________.

(3) Based on the _______________ of a substance, it can be divided into acids: _____; salts: __________; oxides: __________.

3. tree classification

A way of classifying substances according to _______________.

4. cross classification

Classify substances from _______________. For example:

Troubleshooting

1. Concept analysis

(1) A simple substance must be a substance composed of the same element, and a substance composed of the same element is not necessarily a simple substance.

(2) A compound must be a pure substance composed of different elements, but a pure substance is not necessarily a compound.

(3) A pure substance is a substance composed of components (molecules), has a chemical formula, and has fixed melting and boiling points.

(4) A mixture is a substance composed of multiple components (molecules). It has no chemical formula and no fixed melting and boiling points.

2. Classification of oxides

(1) Classification of oxides

①Based on their properties, oxides can be divided into acidic oxides and basic oxides.

②According to composition, oxides can be divided into metal oxides and non-metal oxides.

(2) Acidic oxides are oxides that react with alkali to form salts and water. Most non-metal oxides are acidic oxides.

①Acidic oxides are not necessarily non-metal oxides, such as Mn2O7.

②Non-metal oxides are not necessarily acidic oxides, such as CO and NO.

(3) Basic oxides are oxides that react with acids to form salts and water. Most metal oxides are basic oxides.

①Alkaline oxide must be a metal oxide.

② Metal oxides are not necessarily alkaline oxides, such as Mn2O7.

use as you learn

1. The classification of substances is shown in the figure below:

Use the picture to determine which of the following statements is incorrect ()

A. The classification method shown in Figure A belongs to the tree classification method

B． The classification method shown in Figure B belongs to the cross classification method

C. Alkaline oxides must be metal oxides

D． Non-metal oxides must be acidic oxides

2. (2019•Jinan Grade 1 Test) Substance classification is one of the important methods in chemical research. Chemists often classify and study substances based on their composition. In recent years, it has been discovered that carbon trioxide (C2O3) exists in the atmosphere of Venus. Which of the following groups of substances is most suitable to be classified into the same category as C2O3 ()

A. Fe(OH)3, Fe(OH)2 B. H2CO3, HCl

C. SO2, NO D. Na2O2, H2O2

3. The following classification or categorization is correct ()

①Liquid chlorine, ammonia, dry ice, and silver iodide are all pure substances

②CaCl2, NaOH, HCl, and IBr are all compounds

③Alum, mercury, caustic soda, and sulfuric acid are all mixtures

④C60, C70, diamond, and graphite are all simple substances formed from carbon element

⑤Iodine, starch solution, fog, and hydrochloric acid are all simple substances

A. ①③④ B. ②③

C. ②④ D． ②③④⑤

Classification and transformation of substances PPT, part 3 content: Knowledge point 2 Dispersion system and its classification

1. Concept and composition of dispersed systems

1. Concept: A mixture formed by dispersing ____________________ in the form of particles into ____________________.

2. Composition: The ____________________ in the dispersion system is called the dispersoid, and the other substance is called the dispersant.

3. Common dispersions and their compositions

2. Classification of dispersion systems and their basis

When the dispersant is water or other liquids, the dispersion system can be divided into three categories according to the diameter of the dispersion particles:

(1) A dispersion system in which the diameter of the dispersed particles is less than 1 nm is ______;

(2) A dispersion system in which the diameter of the dispersed particles is greater than 100 nm is ________ (or ________);

(3) A dispersion system in which the diameter of the dispersoid particles is 1 to 100 nm is ______.

3. Types, preparation and properties of colloids

1. Types of colloids

According to different dispersants, colloids can be divided into liquid sol "such as Fe(OH)3 colloid", aerosol (such as clouds, fog) and solid sol (such as colored glass).

2. Preparation of iron hydroxide colloid

(1) Preparation experiment: Add 40mL____________ to a small beaker, heat to ______, add 5 to 6 drops of ____________ solution drop by drop to the boiling water, continue to boil until the liquid takes on ______ color, stop heating, and you can obtain Fe (OH)3 colloid.

(2) The chemical equation of the reaction is FeCl3+3H2O======△Fe(OH)3(colloid)+3HCl.

Troubleshooting

1. Comparison of three types of dispersions: solution, colloid, and turbid liquid

[Literacy Sublimation] Microscopic Analysis: Tyndall Effect

(1) Since the size of the solution particles generally does not exceed 1nm, the colloidal particles are between the solution particles and the turbid liquid particles in the solution. When visible light passes through the colloid, there will be obvious scattering effect, while the solution's light scattering effect is very weak.

(2) The Tyndall effect is a unique property of colloids. Using the Tyndall effect is the simplest method to identify solutions and colloids.

(3) When light passes through the suspension, a light path sometimes occurs, but because the particles in the suspension hinder the light too much, the resulting light path is very short.

2. Separation and purification of colloids

(1) Separation of colloid and suspension

Colloidal particles can penetrate the filter paper, but dispersion particles in the suspension cannot penetrate the filter paper, so they can be separated by filtration. As shown below.

(2) Separation of colloid and solution

Colloidal particles cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane, but small molecules and ions can pass through the semipermeable membrane, so they can be separated by dialysis.

For example, the separation and purification of Fe(OH)3 colloid and FeCl3 solution: put the resulting dispersion in a dialysis bag made of semipermeable membrane, and place it in flowing (or frequently changed) distilled water for a period of time. As shown below.

(3) Purification of colloid

Using dialysis, the colloid is purified by taking advantage of the fact that the colloidal particles cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane.

use as you learn

1. According to the Meteorological Observatory, heavy fog has often occurred in some coastal cities every spring in recent years, causing highways to be closed and flights to be grounded. Fog belongs to () in the following dispersion system

A. SolutionB. suspension

C. Emulsion D. colloid

2. Which of the following statements about the preparation of ferric hydroxide colloid is correct ()

A. Slowly drop the dilute ferric chloride solution into the boiling tap water and continue to heat and bring to a boil

B． Slowly drop the saturated solution of ferric chloride into the boiling distilled water and stir with a glass rod

C. Slowly drop the sodium hydroxide solution into the saturated ferric chloride solution

D． Slowly drop into the boiling distilled water a saturated solution of ferric chloride and continue boiling until the solution turns reddish brown.

Classification and transformation of substances PPT, Part 4 content: Qualification examination training

1. Judge whether it is true or false (mark “√” if it is correct and “×” if it is wrong).

(1) Sucrose solution and starch solution are solutions, while clouds, fog, and smoke are colloids. ()

(2) Particles with a diameter of 1 to 100 nm are called colloids. ()

(3) Iron hydroxide colloid is a colorless and transparent liquid that can produce the Tyndall effect. ()

(4) The Tyndall effect can be used to identify solutions and colloids. ()

(5) The sodium chloride in the ferric hydroxide colloid can be removed by filtration. ()

(6) The Tyndall effect is observed when early morning sunlight passes through dense tree branches and leaves. ()

2. The national quality inspection department has detected that the "green rice dumpling leaves" used to make rice dumplings during the Dragon Boat Festival mostly contain bile alum (chemical formula: CuSO4·5H2O) as an additive. Long-term consumption is harmful to health. What is bile alum ()

A. OxideB. Salt

C. Base D. acid

3. Among the following dispersions, the diameter of the dispersed particles is 1 to 100 nm ()

A. solution b. colloid

C. Suspension D. emulsion

4. Zhu Ziqing wrote in "Moonlight over the Lotus Pond": "A thin green mist floats in the lotus pond... The moonlight shines through the trees, and the bushes high up cast jagged and mottled black shadows..." Moonlight The essential reason why all kinds of beautiful scenery are formed through the mist is ()

A. The diameter of small water droplets in the air ranges from 1 to 100 nm.

B． Light is a colloid

C. Mist is a colloid

D． Tyndall effect occurs

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Update Time: 2024-11-02

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