"Changes and Innovations in Institutions in the Sui and Tang Dynasties" PPT courseware on the blending of ethnic groups in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the development of the unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the

"Changes and Innovations in Institutions in the Sui and Tang Dynasties" PPT courseware on the blending of ethnic groups in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the development of the unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the Sui and Tang Dynasties

Part One: 1. Official Selection System

(1) Development process

Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties: "Shiqing Shilu system" (hereditary system)

"There are dukes in the public family, ministers in the noble family, there are always humiliations in the humble family, and there are always honors in the noble family."

Qin State (including Qin Dynasty): awarded titles based on military merit. It broke the hereditary title system of slave-owning nobles and was conducive to the strengthening of the emerging landowning class.

1. Han Dynasty: Chaju system. It is a system that selects talents as officials from the bottom up. The local officials inspected the officials, and every year the county recommended one person each for filial piety and integrity, and the power of selecting officials rested with the local government.

2. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Nine-grade Zhongzheng system.

Meaning, background, promulgation, characteristics, standards, influence "There is no poor family in the upper class, and there is no powerful family in the lower class"

3. Sui and Tang Dynasties to the late Qing Dynasty: The imperial examination system (at its peak in the Tang Dynasty) selected talents through free registration, subject-specific examinations, and differential admissions. The power to select officials rested with the central government.

(2) Historical evolution of the imperial examination system:

① Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty abolished the nine-rank Zhongzheng system and began to use subject-specific examinations to select officials;

② During the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, the Jinshi Department was founded and the imperial examination system was formed;

③The Tang Dynasty inherited and improved the imperial examination system: During the Zhenguan period, examination subjects were added, with the Jinshi and Mingjing subjects as the main subjects; during the period of Wu Zetian, the number of candidates for the imperial examination was increased, and the martial arts examination and palace examination were pioneered; during the Kaiyuan period, high-ranking officials were appointed to preside over the examinations. Improve the status of the imperial examination and later become customized.

④The imperial examination system of the Northern Song Dynasty was further developed than that of the Tang Dynasty: the examination was divided into three levels: rural examination, provincial examination, and palace examination. The imperial examination procedures were strict. After passing the examination of the Ministry of Rites, candidates must pass the palace examination to be considered qualified. The emperor directly controlled the admission right. Becoming customized; examination subjects gradually decreased, with Jinshi subjects becoming the most important subject;

⑤The Ming Dynasty followed the imperial examination system of the previous dynasty. In order to strictly control the thoughts of scholars, the imperial examination papers only drew questions from the Four Books and Five Classics of Confucianism, and only allowed to use the views of Cheng and Zhu Neo-Confucianism, and were not allowed to express their personal opinions; there were strict regulations on the style of the answer papers, which were divided into eight parts, called It is the "eight-legged essay". The eight-part essay system for recruiting scholars has seriously constrained people's thinking.

⑥At the beginning of the 20th century, due to drastic changes in the domestic situation, the feudal imperial examination system could no longer meet the needs of the situation. In 1905, the Qing government abolished the imperial examination system.

PPT on the changes and innovations of the system in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, part 2: 2. Central government agencies

(1) Development process

Qin: System of Three Gongs and Nine Qings

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: Chinese and Foreign Korean Systems

Eastern Han Dynasty: Shangshutai - Liucao

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Three Provinces

Sui and Tang Dynasties: Three Provinces and Six Ministries

Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty: Prime Minister's Meeting (Zhengshitang) Zhongshu Menxia (Trend of Integration of Three Provinces)

effect:

①Clear division of labor and improve work efficiency

② The power of the prime minister is dispersed and restricts each other, weakening the power of the prime minister and strengthening the imperial power.

③Brainstorm and reduce decision-making errors

④The establishment and completion of the three provinces and six ministries system was a major change in the history of Chinese officialdom.

Basically followed in all dynasties.

(2) Development trends

①The imperial power continues to strengthen and the power of the prime minister weakens;

②The central decision-making and administrative system is becoming increasingly complete. (Division of labor, efficiency, etc.)

PPT on the changes and innovations of the system in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the third part: 3. Taxation system

(1) Development process

Xia, Shang and Zhou eras: tribute system. The prototype of taxation, there was no land rent or land tax. The "Tugu tribute" in the Western Zhou Dynasty includes nine categories: leather and silk, ancestral temple utensils, embroidered silk, wood, treasures, sacrificial clothes, and feathers, which are called "Nine tributes". In addition, there are military contributions.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: Qi State "regarded land but declined levies" Lu State "initially taxed acres"

Han Dynasty: household registration system. Different types of farmers were registered by the government and implemented a system of collecting rent, corvee and military service according to the household registration. It marked the formal formation of a complete tax and corvee system in ancient my country. Features: Land rent is light but population tax and tax are heavy.

Wei and Jin: Rent modulation. Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty carried out reforms and issued a land equalization order. Farmers who were granted land were required to collect grain and silk on a household basis, and adult men were required to bear a certain amount of corvee labor.

Sui Dynasty to early Tang Dynasty: Renyong modulation. Based on the equalization of land system. In the early Tang Dynasty, in addition to renting or transferring, men who did not perform military service could accept silk or cloth instead of serving, which was called "transfer". Target (21-59 adult men) (function?)

Mid-Tang Dynasty: Two Taxes Law. Background, purpose, implementation, content (① The central government determines the total tax amount and distributes it to various localities for collection; ② Regardless of the main household or customer, the household is classified according to the place of residence at the time; ③ Household tax - population and property, local tax, cancel the rent reconciliation All miscellaneous taxes and chores; ④Taxes are paid twice a year in summer and autumn) What is the function?

(2) Development trends (explanation of changes in the tax system from Han to Tang Dynasty?)

①The state’s personal control over farmers is gradually loosened;

② With the Two Taxes Law as the turning point, the taxation standard has changed from being based on people to being based on property.

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"Changes and Innovations in Institutions in the Sui and Tang Dynasties" PPT download:

"Changes and Innovations in Institutions in the Sui and Tang Dynasties" The ethnic integration of the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the development of the unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the Sui and Tang Dynasties PPT download Part 1: Introduction: The institutions from the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties were innovated in their inheritance. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Chaju system...

"Changes and Innovations in Institutions in the Sui and Tang Dynasties" PPT:

"Changes and Innovations in Institutions in the Sui and Tang Dynasties" PPT Part One Content: 1. Official Selection System Politics is the politics of people. The selection of talents is particularly important for the governance of the country, so how to select outstanding talents reasonably and conveniently is the key to the rulers of ancient China...