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"Basic Methods of Neuromodulation" Regulation of Human Life Activities PPT Courseware 3
Talk about feelings
1. How would you react when your hand suddenly touches something very hot?
2. When an object suddenly appears in front of your eyes, how will you react?
experiment
knee jerk reflex
Method steps
Every two students are paired up, and the two students take turns to conduct the experiment.
1. As a subject, a classmate sits on a chair with one leg on the ground and the other leg resting naturally on this leg.
2. Another student uses the inner edge of his palm to quickly tap the ligament below the knee of the upper leg of the subject, and observe the reaction of this leg.
Do it
Please note when doing experiments:
(1) Percussion site: ligament below the knee.
(2) Tapping timing: The subject was relaxed and not paying attention.
(3) Tapping power: It does not have to be very big, but the speed must be fast.
Analysis and discussion
1. What is the reaction of the calf when the ligament is tapped? Think about it, is this reaction something you are born with, or is it something you acquire gradually in life?
When the ligament is tapped, the calf suddenly jumps up with the knee as the axis - and stretches forward rapidly. This reflex occurs in very young children and is innate.
2. Is the knee jerk reflex controlled by the brain? Why?
The knee jerk reflex is too late to think. The relevant nerve center is in the spinal cord, so it is not controlled by the brain. However, when the knee jerk reflex is completed, the nerves in the spinal cord leading to the brain will transmit this nerve impulse to the brain, making people feel that the ligaments below the knee are tapped.
Talk about it
If there is an obstacle in one part of the reflex arc, can the reflex still be completed?
For example: In a reflex arc with muscles as effectors, if the efferent nerves are damaged and other links are normal, will there be any feeling to external stimuli? Is this muscle functioning normally or is it paralyzed? Why?
There is still sensation to external stimuli, because the afferent nerves of the reflex arc are intact. However, due to damage to the efferent nerves, the muscles as effectors do not receive nerve impulses, so they cannot produce contractions and are in a paralyzed state.
Analysis and discussion
1. What is the difference between the saliva secretion reflex induced by food and bell stimulation?
Salivating when eating food is an unconditioned reflex that dogs are born with, and salivating when listening to a bell is a conditioned reflex that dogs gradually develop during their lives.
2. What are the important conditions for dogs to establish the "ringing-salivation reflex"?
Multiple combinations of bell stimulation and food.
3. After training, the ringing stimulus, which is not related to saliva secretion, can also trigger saliva secretion in dogs. What is the significance of this reflex activity?
The establishment of conditioned reflexes can enable the body to better adapt to changes in the environment.
Summary
1. The basic method of neural regulation is reflex. It is a regular response to various external or internal stimuli through the nervous system.
2. The structural basis of reflection is the reflex arc. It includes receptors, afferent nerves, nerve centers, efferent nerves, and effectors.
3. Reflection is divided into unconditioned reflex and conditioned reflex. Unconditioned reflex is an innate reflex that is present at birth, while conditioned reflex is an acquired reflex that is gradually formed in the course of life. Conditioned reflexes are based on unconditioned reflexes and must involve the cerebral cortex.
Apply what you learn
1. The basic method of neuromodulation is ( )
A. Excitation B. Inhibition C. Reflex D. Movement
2. The nerve center of the knee jerk reflex is located in ( )
A. Cerebral cortex B. Cerebellum C. Spinal cord D. Brainstem
3. The neural structure that completes the reflex is ( )
A. Neuron B. Nerve fiber C. Spinal cord D. Reflex arc
4. The relationship between reflection and reflection arc is ( )
A. As long as the reflex arc is complete, reflex activity must occur.
B. The completion of reflex activities must be achieved through reflex arcs.
C. Reflex activities can be achieved without reflex arcs.
D. Reflection and reflection arc are completely consistent in nature.
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