"Atomic Structure and Periodic Table of Elements" Periodic Law of Material Structure PPT (Lesson 2 Atomic Structure and Properties of Elements)

Description

"Atomic Structure and Periodic Table of Elements" Periodic Law of Material Structure PPT (Lesson 2 Atomic Structure and Properties of Elements)

Part One: Learning Objectives

Curriculum Standards

1. Understand the relationship between the properties of alkali metal elements and halogen elements and their positions in the periodic table of elements.

2. Take alkali metal elements and halogen elements as examples to understand the gradient law of properties of elements in the same main group.

core competencies

1. Macroscopic identification and microscopic analysis: Be able to use atomic structure models to explain the properties of alkali metal elements and halogen elements, and form the concept of "structure determines properties".

2. Evidence reasoning and model cognition: Know that you can understand the essential characteristics, constituent elements and their interrelationships of the research object through analysis, reasoning and other methods, establish cognitive models, and be able to use models to explain chemical phenomena and explain the nature and laws of phenomena. .

Atomic structure and periodic table of elements PPT, part 2 content: Knowledge point 1 Alkali metal elements

1. The outermost electrons of the atoms of metallic elements generally have less than 4, which is easy to ______ electrons in chemical reactions, and they have metallic properties; the outermost atoms of non-metallic elements generally have more than 4 electrons, which are easy to ______ in chemical reactions. Electrons have _______ properties.

2. Atomic structure characteristics of alkali metals

(1)Atomic structure

(2) Comparative summary

①Gradient property: As the nuclear charge increases, the number of electron layers ____________ and the atomic radius ____________.

②Similarity: The number of electrons in the outermost shell is ____.

3. Comparison of chemical properties of alkali metals

(1) Reaction of sodium, potassium and oxygen

(2) Reaction of sodium, potassium and water

(3) The relationship between the chemical properties and atomic structure of alkali metal elements

From Li→Cs, as the nuclear charge increases, the number of electron layers gradually______→the atomic radius gradually______→the attraction of the atomic nucleus to the outermost electrons gradually______→the atomic ability of the element to lose electrons gradually______→the metallicity of the element gradually______.

special reminder

Generally speaking, the metallicity of an element can be judged from the following two aspects:

① How easy it is to react with water (or acid) to replace hydrogen;

②The hydrate of the highest valence oxide - the alkalinity of hydroxide.

Troubleshooting

Similarity and gradation of chemical properties of alkali metal elements

1. similarity

2. gradation

use as you learn

1. Alkali metal elements are typical active metals. The reason is ()

A． Low density, low melting and boiling points

B． No free form exists in nature

C. Easily liquefied at room temperature

D. There is only one electron in the outermost shell, which is easy to lose

2. Which of the following comparisons about the properties of alkali metal elements is incorrect ()

A． Lithium reacts less vigorously with water than sodium with water

B． Reducing K>Na>Li, so K can displace metallic sodium from NaCl solution

C. Melting and boiling points: Li>Na>K

D. Alkaline: LiOH

3. The correct statement about the properties of alkali metal elements is ()

A． The products of the heating reaction in air are peroxides

B． Reacts with water to produce alkali and hydrogen gas

C. Melting and boiling points increase as atomic number increases

D. Reducibility decreases as the number of atomic electron shells increases

Atomic Structure and Periodic Table of Elements PPT, Part 3: Knowledge Point 2 Halogen Elements

1. Comparison of physical properties of halogen elements

2. Structural characteristics of halogen atoms

(1)Atomic structure

(2) Comparative summary

①Gradient property: As the nuclear charge increases, the number of electron layers ______________ and the atomic radius ______________.

②Similarity: The number of electrons in the outermost shell is _____.

3. Comparison of chemical properties of halogen elements

(1) Combination reaction with hydrogen

(2) Replacement reaction between halogen elements

4. The relationship between the chemical properties and atomic structure of halogen elements

From F→I, as the nuclear charge increases, the number of electron layers gradually _______→the atomic radius gradually _______→the attraction of the atomic nucleus to the outermost electrons gradually _______→the ability of the element's atoms to obtain electrons gradually _______→the element's non- Metallicity gradually _______.

special reminder

Generally speaking, the non-metallicity of an element can be judged from the following two aspects:

①The difficulty of forming gaseous hydride from elemental substance and hydrogen and the stability of hydride;

②The acidity of the hydrate of the highest valence oxide.

Troubleshooting

Similarity and gradation of chemical properties of halogen elements

1. similarity

2. gradation

3. Particularity

(1) Fluorine has no positive valence and no oxygen-containing acid, while Cl, Br, and I all have positive valence and oxygen-containing acid.

(2) Cl2 is easy to liquefy, Br2 is easy to volatilize, and I2 is easy to sublime.

(3) The non-metallic element that is liquid at room temperature is Br2, and starch turns blue when it encounters I2.

(4) Active halogen elements can replace less active halogen elements, but F2 cannot replace Cl2 from NaCl solution because 2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2↑.

use as you learn

1. The reason why the non-metallic properties of halogens gradually weaken in the order of F, Cl, Br and I is ()

A． The increase in the number of protons in the nucleus plays a major role

B． The gradual increase in relative atomic mass plays a major role

C. The increase in density of its elemental substances plays a major role

D. As the nuclear charge increases, the number of electron layers increases, which plays a major role

2. The incorrect statement about the gradual change of properties of halogens (from fluorine to iodine) is ()

A． Color gradually deepens

B． Melting point and boiling point increase sequentially

C. Cl2 can displace I2 from KI solution

D. Br2 can displace Cl2 from NaCl solution

Atomic Structure and Periodic Table of Elements PPT, Part 4: Qualification Examination Training

1. As shown in the figure, the relationship between certain properties of alkali metals and the change of nuclear charge number, then among the following properties, the one that does not conform to the relationship shown in the figure is ()

A． ReducibilityB. Severity of reaction with water

C. Melting point D. Atomic radius

2. Among the following statements, which one does not conform to the properties and characteristics of Group VIIA elements ()

A． From top to bottom, the non-metallic properties of elements gradually increase

B． Easy to form -1 valence ion

C. The hydrate of the highest valence oxide is acidic

D. From top to bottom, the stability of the hydride decreases

3. Lithium (Li) is the lightest metal in the world. It is a kind of alkali metal. The following statement is correct ()

A． All elements in the same main group as Li are metal elements.

B． Na+ has one more electron shell than Li

C. Li, Na, and K+ all have only one electron in their outermost shell.

D. Li is the atom with the smallest atomic radius among the alkali metals

4. Which of the following statements about halogen elements is correct ()

A． The number of electrons in the outermost shell of halogen elements is 7

B． From top to bottom, the number of electron shells of halogen atoms increases and the radius decreases.

C. From F to I, the attraction ability of the atomic nucleus to the outermost electrons gradually weakens, and the ability of the atoms to obtain electrons gradually weakens.

D. The order from easy to difficult to combine halogen elements with H2 is I2, Br2, Cl2, F2

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Update Time: 2024-11-02

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