"Atomic Structure" Atomic Structure and Periodic Table PPT Courseware

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"Atomic Structure" Atomic Structure and Periodic Table PPT Courseware

Part 1: Essential knowledge and foundation of literacy

1. The composition of atoms

1. Composition

(2) Relationship: atomic number = nuclear charge = number of protons = number of electrons outside the nucleus (atom is electrically neutral)

[Micro Thoughts] What is the relative mass of a proton or neutron?

Tip: The value obtained by comparing the mass of a proton or neutron with the atomic mass of 12C (1.66×10-27 kg).

2. Mass number

(1) Concept: The relative masses of protons and neutrons are both approximately 1, ignoring electrons

The mass of the atom, approximate the relative masses of all _____ and _____ in the nucleus

Like integer values ​​are added together, and the resulting value is called the mass number.

(2)Relationship: mass number (A) = ____________________

【Smart Judgment】

(1) The number of neutrons in a certain sulfur atom is 18, so its mass number is 34. ()

Tips:√. The number of protons in sulfur is 16. According to the mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons, the mass number of sulfur is 34.

(2) Mass number is the relative atomic mass. ()

Tip:×. The mass number is the approximate integer sum of the relative masses of all protons and neutrons in the nucleus. It is not the same concept as the relative atomic mass.

2. Electronic configuration outside the nucleus

1.Electronic layer

(1) Concept: In a multi-electron atom, the _________ region where electrons move is simplified to _____________, which is called the electron shell.

(2) Representation and energy relationship of different electron layers

【Situation·Thinking】

The onion is a vegetable that we are very familiar with. When the onion is cut, we will see that the inside is presented layer by layer. The electronic layer model is similar to the cut onion. Please think:

(1) Does such a shell really exist around the nucleus?

Tip: The electron layer does not really exist. It is a structural model conceived by scientists based on the areas where electrons often appear in order to express the image.

(2) Do electrons rotate at high speed along a fixed trajectory outside the nucleus?

Tip: Electrons move irregularly in a certain area.

2. Electronic hierarchical arrangement

(1) Principle of minimum energy:

Electrons outside the nucleus are always preferentially arranged in the electron shell of ________, and then

Then they are arranged in the electron layer of _____________ from the inside out, that is, press

K→L→M→N...arranged in order.

(2) The maximum number of electrons that the electron shell can accommodate

①Each electron shell can hold up to ___ electrons. For example, the maximum number of electrons that the K, L, M, and N layers can accommodate are _____________ respectively.

②The number of electrons in the outermost shell cannot exceed __ at most (when the K shell is the outermost shell, it cannot exceed __).

③The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the sub-outer shell does not exceed ___.

Atomic structure PPT, part 2: key abilities and literacy formation

Knowledge point: Hierarchical arrangement of electrons outside the nucleus

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. The arrangement of electrons outside the nucleus and the relationship between them

2. Representation method of electron arrangement outside the nucleus

(1) Schematic diagram of atomic structure.

①The small circle and the symbols and numbers within the circle represent the atomic nucleus and the number of protons in the nucleus.

②The arc represents the electron layer.

③The numbers within the arc represent the number of electrons in this layer.

(2) Schematic diagram of ion structure.

① When the metal element atoms in the main group lose all their outermost electrons and become ions, the number of electron layers is reduced by one layer, forming the same electron layer structure as the noble gas element atoms in the previous cycle.

② When atoms of non-metal elements gain electrons to form simple ions, they form the same electron layer structure as atoms of rare gas elements with the same period.

【Think·Discussion】

(1) When there are electrons in the M layer, are the K and L layers necessarily full of electrons? When the N layer has electrons, is the M layer full of electrons?

Tip: When there are electrons in the M layer, the K and L layers must be full of electrons. When there are electrons in the N layer, the M layer may not be full.

Tip: If the M layer of a calcium atom arranges 10 electrons, the M layer becomes the outermost layer. This contradicts the rule of electron arrangement that "the number of electrons arranged in the outermost layer cannot exceed 8". It does not It conforms to the rules of electron arrangement, that is, when the M layer is not the outermost layer, it can discharge up to 18 electrons, but when it is the outermost layer, it can only discharge up to 8 electrons.

【Compensation training】

1. (2019·Changsha Grade 1 Test) The hierarchical arrangement of electrons outside the nucleus follows certain quantitative rules and restricts each other. Which of the following statements is definitely wrong ()

A. There is only one electron in the K shell of an atom

B. The number of electrons in the M layer of a certain atom is 4 times the number of electrons in the L layer.

C. The number of electrons in the M layer and L layer of a certain ion is 4 times that of the K layer.

D. The nuclear charge of an atom is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost shell

[Analysis] Choose B. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated on the K, L, and M electron shells are 2, 8, and 18 respectively; 1 electron or 2 electrons can be arranged on the K layer, so item A is possible; when there are electrons arranged on the M layer When , 2×4=8, that is, there are M layer and L layer, both of which are 8, so item C is correct; when the K layer serves as the outermost electron layer, the nuclear charge number of the atom is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost layer, such as H, He , so item D is correct.

2. (2019·Zhengzhou Senior High School Test) For an element X with a nuclear charge less than 18, the number of electron shells outside the nucleus is a, and the number of electrons in the outermost shell is (2a+1). Among the following statements about element X, which one is incorrect ()

A. The number of protons in the nucleus of element X is (2a2-1)

B. The element formed by element X can be used as both an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent.

C. A simple ion formed by element X, the number of electrons in each electron shell reaches 2n2 (n represents the number of electron shells)

D. Certain compounds formed from element X may have bactericidal and disinfectant effects

[Analysis] Choose C. Because the number of electron shells cannot be a decimal, it can only be an integer. According to the meaning of the question, 1≤a≤3, and because the number of electrons in the outermost shell is less than or equal to 8, that is, 2a+1≤8, we get 1≤a≤3. When a=1, this is not true; when a=2, the number of electrons in the outermost shell is 5, and element X is N; when a=3, the number of electrons in the outermost shell is 7, and element X is Cl. When X is nitrogen, the number of protons = 2a2-1 = 2×22-1 = 7. When

3.X, Y, and Z are three elements from elements 1 to 18. The number of electrons in the outermost shell of the 2 times, the number of electrons in the sub-outer shell of Z atom is 4 times the number of electrons in the outermost shell. Then the possible combinations of the three elements X, Y, and Z are ()

A.C, Si, MgB.Li, C, Mg

C.C, Mg, Li D.C, O, Mg

[Analysis] Choose A. Among the short-period elements, the element with the number of electrons in the outermost shell is twice the number of electrons in the next outer shell is C. The number of electrons in the second outer shell is twice the number of electrons in the outermost shell, Li and Si. The one with 4 times the number of electrons in the outer shell is Mg, so the answer is option A.

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Update Time: 2024-10-14

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