"Application of the Periodic Table of Elements and the Periodic Law of Elements" PPT Courseware on the Periodic Law of Elements

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"Application of the Periodic Table of Elements and the Periodic Law of Elements" PPT Courseware on the Periodic Law of Elements

Part 1: Essential knowledge and foundation of literacy

1. Partitions and valence rules of the periodic table of elements

1. The relationship between the periodic table of elements and the periodic law of elements

The discovery of the periodic law of elements had a great impact on the development of chemistry. ____________ is the expression of ___________, which reflects the _________ between elements. It is an important tool for learning, researching and applying chemistry.

2. Metallic and non-metallic areas of the periodic table of elements

(1) Please fill in the content shown in the serial number in the picture

①_____　②_____　③_____　④_____　⑤___

⑥___ ⑦_____　⑧_______

(2) Division of dividing lines: Draw a dotted line between _______________ and _______________ in the periodic table. The left side of the dotted line is the ______ element and the right side is the _______ element.

(3) Elements near the dividing line can show both certain _______ and certain __________, so there is no strict boundary between the _______ and __________ of elements.

(4) The lower left part of the periodic table is the most metallic element, which is ___ element (except radioactive elements); the upper right part is the most non-metallic element, which is ___ element; the last column is Group 0 element.

【Smart Judgment】

(1) Metallic elements cannot have non-metallic properties, and non-metallic elements cannot have metallic properties. ()

Tip:×. Elements near the dividing line can show both metallic and non-metallic properties.

(2) The non-metallic property gradually increases from left to right in the same period, and the non-metallic property gradually increases from bottom to top in the same main group, so the helium element in the periodic table has the strongest non-metallic property. 【Situation·Thinking】

The periodic table of elements plays a huge role in predicting new elements and discovering new substances. With the development of society, the demand for new pesticides is increasing. ()

Tip:×. Helium is a rare gas element, and fluorine is the most non-metallic.

【Situation·Thinking】

The periodic table of elements plays a huge role in predicting new elements and discovering new substances. With the development of society, the demand for new pesticides is increasing.

If you're looking for new pesticides, where on the periodic table can you look?

Tip: Look for fluorine, chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus, arsenic and other elements near their positions in the periodic table.

3. The relationship between the valence of elements and their position in the periodic table

(1) Valence electrons

The valence of an element is closely related to the ___________ of the atom, so the ___________ of the element atom is also called the valence electron. The valence electrons of main group elements are___________, and the valence electrons of transition elements include the outermost electrons and some electrons in the second outer or third-to-last shell.

(2) The highest positive valence of main group elements =____________=_____________ (number of valence electrons).

(3) Valence of non-metallic elements

①The highest positive valence is equal to the ______________ that an atom can lose or shift.

②The lowest negative valence is equal to the number of electrons required to achieve a ______ stable structure.

③The sum of the absolute values ​​of the highest positive price and the lowest negative price is equal to__.

2. Application of the periodic table of elements and the periodic law of elements

1. The relationship between the position, structure and properties of elements

The position of an element in the periodic table reflects its atomic structure and properties. The structure and properties of an element can be inferred based on its position in the periodic table, and its location and properties in the periodic table can also be inferred based on its atomic structure. The relationship can be expressed as

2. Find new elements

3. Discover new uses for substances

PPT on the application of the periodic table of elements and the periodic law of elements, part 2: key capabilities and literacy formation

Knowledge points: The relationship between the position, atomic structure and properties of elements

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. Illustration of position-structure-sex relationship

2. (1) The relationship between the atomic structure of elements and their positions in the periodic table.

(2) Memorize some rules in the periodic table.

①The number of element types in each period (2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32 respectively).

②The atomic numbers of rare gas elements (2, 10, 18, 36, 54, 86, 118 respectively) and their periods (one to seven periods respectively).

③The relationship between the atomic numbers of adjacent elements in the same group (the difference is 2, 8, 18, 32, etc.).

④The difference in atomic number between group IIA and group IIIA elements in the same period (there are three cases: 1, 11, and 25).

3. The relationship between atomic structure and element properties

4. The relationship between the properties of elements and their positions in the periodic table

【Think·Discussion】

If it is known that X and Y are two adjacent elements in the periodic table, and the acidity of the hydrate corresponding to their highest-priced oxide is X>Y, can their relative positions be determined?

Tip: The relative positions of elements can be determined based on the changing rules of their non-metallic properties. From the known conditions, it can be determined that the non-metallic property is

【Case Demonstration】

[Typical Example] (2019·National Volume II) This year marks the 150th anniversary of Mendeleev’s discovery of the periodic law of elements. The following table is part of the periodic table of elements. W, X, Y, and Z are short-period main group elements. The sum of the highest valences of W and X is 8. Which of the following statements is wrong ()

A. Atomic radius: W

B. Under normal temperature and pressure, Y element is solid

C. Thermal stability of gaseous hydride: Z

D.The hydrate of the highest valence oxide of X is a strong base

[Thinking Modeling] The common ideas for solving element inference questions are:

[Analysis] Choose D. The highest valence of the main group elements is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost shell. From "the sum of the highest valencies of W and X is 8", we know that W is N, X is Al, Y is Si, and Z is P. Atomic radius: N

[Method rules] Inference techniques for periodic table fragment elements

In the actual examination, only a certain fragment of the periodic table of elements is presented. Based on the information provided in the fragment structure, the elements are inferred and the position of the element in the periodic table is deduced. The name, atomic structure and related properties of the element can be quickly determined.

PPT on the application of the periodic table of elements and the periodic law of elements, the third part: knowledge correlation and literacy application

【Core Integration】

1. Periodic law of elements and its applications

2. Example analysis

The position of an element in the periodic table reflects the atomic structure of the element and the properties of the element. The following figure is part of the periodic table:

(1) According to the periodic law of elements, please predict the acidity of H3AsO4 and H3PO4:

Positional relationship of P and As (_______)→P and As atomic structural characteristics (__________ equal, P atomic number ratio As___)→Property gradient law (non-metallicity of elements in the same main group as the atomic number increases________)→Prediction Result: H3AsO4__H3PO4 (fill in ">", "<" or "=").

(2) Based on the existence of NaH, some people have proposed that the hydrogen element can be placed in Group VIIA. Then based on the absolute values ​​of its highest positive valence and lowest negative valence being equal, the hydrogen element can also be placed in the ____ of the periodic table. clan.

(3) Among the trace elements required by the human body, there is a main group element R, known as the "life element", which plays an important role in extending human life. It is known that the atoms of the R element have 4 electron shells, and the molecular formula of its highest-priced oxide is RO3. Please infer the name of the R element and predict the stability of its hydride (compared to water).

【Literacy transfer】

1. In 1871, Mendeleev predicted the existence of germanium based on the newly released periodic table and named it "silicon-like". In 1886, Clemens A. Winkler, a professor of analytical chemistry at the German Institute of Mining and Technology, was studying a new mineral, argentite (4Ag2S·GeS2), and discovered an unknown new element and verified his inference through experiments. It was the element germanium. . Germanium was discovered after gallium and scandium, cementing the periodic table of chemical elements.

(1) In this case, what is the use of the periodic table of elements?

Tip: Anticipate and find uses for new elements.

(2) Mendeleev named "germanium" as "silicon-like". Silicon is a good semiconductor. Please explain why germanium can also be used as a semiconductor material.

Tip: Germanium and silicon are in the same main group, and are located near the dividing line between metals and non-metals in the periodic table of elements. The metallic element germanium has certain non-metallic properties, so it can be used as a semiconductor material.

2. Thallium is located in Group IIIA of the sixth period. Thallium element plays an important role in the research of optical fibers, catalysts and superconducting materials. During World War II, mixed crystals of thallium chloride were used to transmit ultraviolet rays for reconnaissance of enemy situations late at night or for internal communication. Thallium is also a highly toxic substance, and its toxicity to the human body exceeds that of lead. And mercury, which is similar to arsenic, has caused frequent incidents of thallium poisoning in recent years. Relevant information about the element thallium is shown in the figure. Answer the following questions based on the card information:

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Update Time: 2024-12-04

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