"The Origin and Development of Humankind" The Origin of Man PPT Courseware 3

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"The Origin and Development of Humankind" The Origin of Man PPT Courseware 3

Background information

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was a British naturalist and the founder of the theory of evolution. As a naturalist, he traveled around the world for five years on the naval exploration ship "Beagle". He observed and collected a large amount of materials on animals, plants, geology, etc., and after summary, sorting and comprehensive analysis, he formed a biological process. the concept of. In 1859, he published the book "On the Origin of Species", which comprehensively proposed the theory of evolution based on natural selection.

In 1859, Darwin published "The Origin of Species". In this book, he hinted that his views would provide important ideas and clues for the study of human origins. Later, in other works, he pointed out more clearly that humans evolved like other animals, and speculated that humans are related to gorillas and chimpanzees. At that time, many scientists firmly believed in creationism, and as a result, supporters of Darwin's evolutionary ideas and supporters of creationism launched a heated debate.

The debate about the origin of humankind was carried out between the scientist Huxley and Wilbur Forsland. It happened at a meeting of the British Society at Oxford University in June 1860. The focus of the debate was Darwin's "On the Origin of Species". Darwin's view ultimately prevailed in this debate. Later, after comparing the similarities between humans and great apes, Darwin proposed that humans and great apes evolved from a common ancestor.

Self-study and thinking

1. Where on earth are these great apes distributed today? What do their lifestyles have in common?

2. The number of humans is increasing rapidly, and the number of great apes is decreasing. Why?

3. Great apes do have many similarities with humans in terms of morphological structure, but in what aspects are they fundamentally different from humans?

4. What is the common ancestor of modern humans and modern apes? How did it develop into modern humans and modern great apes?

5. What factors played an important role in the origin of human beings?

6. In what aspects did human beings gradually change during their origin and development?

Imagination of forest apes and their lives

What do the lifestyles of modern great apes have in common?

1. They all rely on obtaining fruits, buds, insects and other food from the forest to survive;

2. No ability to make tools and improve the living environment;

3. Inability to communicate in language and text like humans do

Reasons for the rapid increase in the number of humans

Human beings have the ability to invent and create various sciences and technologies, which have enabled humans to continuously strengthen their ability to adapt to the natural environment, transform the natural environment, improve living conditions, and use medicine and health to strengthen their own health care. These have contributed to a rapid increase in the number of humans.

Reasons for the dwindling number of great apes

1. Great apes do not have the ability to invent and create technology;

2. Human development of forests destroys and pollutes the environment

Fossil picture analysis

1. Judging from the skeletal fossils of the girl "Lucy", the hip bones of her pelvis were wider and the femurs of her lower limbs were thicker, which are similar to modern humans. Imagine how she moves?

The upper limbs are thin and the lower limbs are thick and long. Walk upright.

2. What did “East Africans” do with the rocks shown? Judging from the shape of the stones, what abilities do "East Africans" already have?

Used as a tool for chopping and scraping objects

Ability to make and use tools

Summary

The origin of mankind:

1. The founder of the theory of evolution__________

2. Human beings originated from __________

3. Reason ____________

4. Evidence_______

think?

1. In the harsh struggle with nature, forest apes evolved into humans. The same forest apes also evolved into great apes. Can modern apes evolve into humans?

cannot. Modern great apes have adapted to their current environment and cannot evolve into humans.

2. In the process of human origin and development, in what aspects did changes gradually occur?

Mode of movement: semi-upright walking → upright walking

In terms of labor: not being able to use tools → using natural tools → making and using simple tools → making and using complex tools (language is produced in labor)

In terms of clothing: naked → know how to keep out the cold and cover up shame

3. Cao Zhi wrote a poem criticizing his brother Cao Pi for persecuting him: "The dustpan is burning under the cauldron, and the beans are weeping in the cauldron. They are born from the same roots, so why rush to fry each other!" Human beings have the same ancestors, how should humans treat rare and endangered species? What about living apes?

The biggest difference is that people can walk on variable legs. This way of walking causes great changes in the body structure. These differences serve as the main basis for classifying primate fossils.

Characteristics of the human foot:

The heel bone is spread backwards, and when walking, the body weight falls on the heel first.

The range of the dome (arch) of the sole of the foot increases and the elasticity increases when walking.

The big toe has lost the ability to join with the other four toes like apes, so it has lost the ability to hold it and can only be used to support and facilitate walking.

Arms and Hands - The forelimbs of apes and their thumbs are smaller and less commonly used; the thumbs of humans are larger and more flexible.

Lower limbs - The proportion of human legs to the body is longer than that of all apes. The end of the femur is biased towards the central axis of the individual, so the feet appear to be curved inward.

Bone Plate - The human pelvis is flatter, wider, and stronger.

Spine - In order to achieve a completely upright position, the human spine presents a special curve at the waist. Above the center of the pelvis, the lumbar portion of the spine curves forward in an inverse "S" shape. The arc of the cervical spine first extends forward, then slightly upward.

Neck - The foramen magnum and occipital fruit of the human skull (these two protrusions are good for catching the top of the cervical vertebrae) are close to the center of the skull base, so the head can be placed stably on the top of the cervical vertebrae; in apes, the head is tilted backward, so the head is The weight leans forward.

(Foramen Magnum: The hole where the skull connects to the spine and where the spinal cord passes.)

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"The Origin and Development of Humankind" The Origin of Man PPT Courseware 4:

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Update Time: 2024-10-03

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