"The Future of the Universe" PPT teaching courseware

Description

"The Future of the Universe" PPT teaching courseware

Part One: Target Positioning

1. Understand the background knowledge and key points of the article; understand the meaning of the keywords in the article.

2. Summarize the content of the article, refine the main points, and enhance the ability of analysis, summary, and judgment; understand and master the explanation method and language features of the article.

3 Understand the life of Stephen Hawking, learn from Hawking’s indomitable fighting spirit in the face of life setbacks, and understand the rigorous and realistic scientific spirit shown in the article.

The future of the universe PPT, part 2: text introduction

1. Introduction to the writer

Stephen Hawking is the most outstanding physicist since Albert Einstein. Hawking was born in Oxford, England, in 1942. He studied at Oxford University and Cambridge University, studying mathematics, physics and cosmology. In 1963, Hawking was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Doctors told Hawking that he would only live for two years at most. After a brief period of disappointment and frustration, Hawking resumed his cosmological research and achieved outstanding research results in the fields of relativity, the "Big Bang" and black holes. The cosmology book "A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes" published in 1988 is a landmark best-seller. It has been more than thirty years since Hawking was diagnosed with the disease, but he is still diligently studying the theory of the origin of the universe and is still working hard for a grand unified theory.

2. Writer’s works

This article is a lecture given by Hawking at Cambridge University in January 1991. In this lecture, the author starts from the predictions of ancient wizards, talks about modern religious prophecies, and then transitions to the discussion of the future of the universe. Using astrophysics theory, the author makes two predictions about the future of the universe: One is to continue to expand. , the second is to shrink or even collapse into a point. The discussion of whether the universe continues to expand or possibly contract is the main part of this lecture. Calculating the density of the universe is the key to this main part. The discussion of the critical value of the density of matter in the universe takes the issue further. Finally, two new theories are introduced - the anthropic principle and the inflation theory, which reflect the latest explorations in the scientific community.

3. Background Overview

There are many cosmology theories in ancient China, including Huntian theory, Gaitian theory, Xuanye theory, etc. In the West, the ancient Greeks also had a variety of cosmology theories. The most influential theory of modern cosmology is Big Bang cosmology, which was gradually formed. In the early 20th century, Einstein's theory of relativity changed the way scientists studied the universe. In 1927, Belgian astronomer Lemaître was the first to propose a dynamic universe model, which believed that the universe was formed from the continuous division and expansion of a "primitive atom". 1948. Gamov, an American physicist born in Russia, developed this theory and proposed the "Big Bang" theory. "The Future of the Universe" is a transcript of a lecture given by Stephen Hawking at Cambridge University in 1991. It is a scientific prediction he made about the future of the universe.

The future of the universe PPT, the third part: exploration and guidance

1. Summary of the theme

Starting from ancient witchcraft and modern religious prophecies, the article mainly discusses the two fates of the universe in the future: continued expansion or collapse, and discusses the density of the universe that determines this fate. Therefore, before scientists can calculate the weight of the universe, they have to admit that "the universe is actually on a knife's edge." Therefore, they must inherit the tradition of wizards or prophets: "Both parties place bets to ensure that nothing goes wrong."

2. Structure diagram

3. Text exploration

1. On what basis does the author believe that scientists can predict the future of the universe?

Answer: 1. The temperatures of the microwave radiation background we observe from all directions in outer space are extremely close. This suggests that the expansion of the universe is smooth rather than chaotic. 2. Based on the position of the Earth in the solar system and the position of the Sun in the galaxy to which it belongs, it can be inferred that the background of any other galaxy in any direction is also the same. From this, it can be determined that the behavior of the universe is simple on very large scales. , rather than confusing

2. What ideological limitations does the author think scientists must get rid of when predicting the future of the universe?

Answer: There are four ideological limitations: The first aspect is that we only understand the scientific laws of objects under normal circumstances and do not know the precise laws that govern objects under extreme conditions; the second aspect is that we are restricted by time scales; The third aspect is that we believe that our ability to destroy and destroy the environment is growing much faster than the wisdom to use this ability; the fourth aspect is that we are not sure what changes will occur if the long-term accumulation of small disturbances in the planet's orbit will occur.

4. Summary of skills

1. Live guidance.

This scientific paper is a speech and has the characteristics of a speech. Predicting the future of the universe is a serious scientific topic. But if you just talk about things, it can easily become boring. The speech needs to arouse the interest of the audience. The author starts from ancient witchcraft and modern religious prophecies, which not only increases the interest but also deepens the theme of the speech - in contrast with witchcraft, it also shows the scientific nature Realistic spirit.

2. Rigorous reasoning.

As a scientific speech, its ultimate goal is to be convincing. The rigorous reasoning of this article enhances its persuasiveness. Although the universe is complex, it is describable on a large scale. The density of the universe is the key to determining its fate. However, it is not easy to determine this. The speaker made the problem clear and clear. The failure to make a clear prediction also illustrates the speaker's rigorous scientific attitude.

3. Humorous language.

Speech is face-to-face communication, which is one-way. If you do not pay attention to the language art of speech, you will not achieve the best expression effect. The humorous language of this speech creates a relaxed and pleasant atmosphere, making the issues discussed more accessible to the audience. "I expected that I would not stay in the world at that time and was proven wrong." He expressed humor by revealing his "selfish" psychology, and at the same time conveyed an important message: the universe "will not stop expanding for at least 10 billion years."

5. Key breakthroughs

1. The content of the article is about predictions about the future of the universe. Why does it start with talking about the embarrassment of wizard predictions and the failure of religious predictions?

Answer: The author starts with ancient witchcraft and modern religious prophecies in order to introduce the topic and explain that talking about the future of the universe from a scientific perspective is a very serious matter. The difference between science and religion is its realistic spirit. The former is scientifically based and is a scientific speculation and prediction using astrophysics theory; while the latter has no scientific basis at all.

2. What are Hawking's main views on predicting the future of the universe?

Answer: Hawking's prediction about the future of the universe is that the density of the universe seems to be very close to the critical density that distinguishes collapse and expansion, so the future universe may collapse or may continue to expand forever.

This prediction is based on the following main points:

①The expansion and collapse of the universe are related to the average density of the universe. If the average density is less than a certain critical value, it will expand forever. If the average density were greater than a critical value, the universe would collapse and time itself would end.

② There should be some kind of invisible dark matter in spiral galaxies and galaxy clusters, and its gravitational attraction is enough to firmly grasp the high-speed rotating galaxies and prevent these galaxies or galaxy clusters from flying apart.

③If the universe continues to expand, in five billion years, the sun will exhaust its nuclear fuel and become a white dwarf star. In about 10 billion years, stars with solar mass will become white dwarfs or neutron stars, and stars with greater mass will become black holes.

④The speed of particles in a black hole may exceed the speed of light and escape from the black hole. As long as there is enough time, a huge black hole can also "evaporate".

⑤ There should be enough dark matter outside galaxies or galaxy clusters. This dark matter can bring the density to a critical value, which may eventually cause the universe to collapse, but this time will definitely be 15 billion years from now.

3. What does the author think the future of the universe will be like?

Answer: Ultimately, there are only two fates for the future of the universe: it will continue to expand, or it may contract. This depends on the existing density of the universe. Therefore, before scientists can calculate the weight of the universe, they have to admit that "the universe is actually on a knife's edge." Therefore, they must inherit the tradition of wizards or prophets: "Both parties make bets. To ensure nothing goes wrong.”

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Update Time: 2024-07-29

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